Pathophysiology Final Updated Exam
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Mitochondria contain the enzymes necessary for:
a. gluconeogenesis
b. phagocytosis
c. photosynthesis
d. ATP production - ANSWERS-correct answer: d. ATP production
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. Their main function is to produce ATP.
The human body requires cholesterol. It is used to construct:
a. muscle fibers
b. proteins
c. DNA
d. the cell membrane - ANSWERS-correct answer: d. the cell membrane
Cholesterol is used by the cell to construct the phospholipid bilayer of the cell
membrane. Every cell in the body.
The movement of ions through the sodium-potassium pump is an example of ________.
a. osmosis
,b. active transport
c. simple diffusion
d. passive transport - ANSWERS-correct answer: b. active transport
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of an active transport pump. Active
transport requires an energy input; in this case, ATP.
What is epigenetics? - ANSWERS-Epigenetics is the study of changes in organisms
caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code
itself.
Antigen-presenting cells function to:
a. initiate the complement cascade by way of the alternate pathway
b. stimulate cytokine production by macrophages
c. phagocytose and degrade foreign antigens
d. display foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to MHC – ANSWERS-: d. display
foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to MHC
Which clinical finding is most indicative of an acute bacterial infection?
a. increased (band) neutrophils
b. elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
c. elevated WBC count
d. elevated temperature - ANSWERS- a. increased (band) neutrophils
Remember that initially in the stress response (release of cortisol) WBCs are released
from their moorings along the vessel walls. It takes time for more WBCs to be produced
in the bone marrow and the first WBCs to be released are immature "teenagers" who
haven't yet matured into fully functional neutrophils. THAT's the indication that there's
an active infection. We call it a "left shift;" a shift to less mature cells in response to
active infection.
Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are inflammatory cytokines
secreted by:
, a. lymphocytes
b. plasma cells
c. neutrophils
d. macrophages - ANSWERS- d. macrophages
Immunity to a specific organism can be determined by a lab test to check the ________.
a. erythrocyte sedimentation rate
b. WBC count
c. antibody titer
d. active phase protein count - ANSWERS- c. antibody titer
The primary function of B cells is:
a. killing antigen-presenting cells
b. making (i.e. synthesizing) antibodies
c. secreting cytokines
d. killing virally infected cells - ANSWERS- b. making (i.e. synthesizing) antibodies
B cells = antibodies
Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions
because:
a. massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation
b. anaphylaxis results in large volume losses secondary to sweating
c. toxins released into the blood interfere with cardiac function
d. hypoxia resulting from bronchoconstriction impairs cardiac function - ANSWERS- a.
massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation
Massive histamine release causes extreme vasodilation, which can result in severe
hypotension (e.g. anaphylactic shock). We treat these patients initially with large
amounts of IV fluid.
2026 WITH Recent Newest Verified And
Well Analyzed Exam Questions (Actual
Exam 2026-2027) Correct Detailed &
Verified ANSWERS (100% Accurate
Solutions) ALREADY GRADED
A+||NEWEST VERSION Of The Exam
Guarantee Pass!!
Mitochondria contain the enzymes necessary for:
a. gluconeogenesis
b. phagocytosis
c. photosynthesis
d. ATP production - ANSWERS-correct answer: d. ATP production
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. Their main function is to produce ATP.
The human body requires cholesterol. It is used to construct:
a. muscle fibers
b. proteins
c. DNA
d. the cell membrane - ANSWERS-correct answer: d. the cell membrane
Cholesterol is used by the cell to construct the phospholipid bilayer of the cell
membrane. Every cell in the body.
The movement of ions through the sodium-potassium pump is an example of ________.
a. osmosis
,b. active transport
c. simple diffusion
d. passive transport - ANSWERS-correct answer: b. active transport
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of an active transport pump. Active
transport requires an energy input; in this case, ATP.
What is epigenetics? - ANSWERS-Epigenetics is the study of changes in organisms
caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code
itself.
Antigen-presenting cells function to:
a. initiate the complement cascade by way of the alternate pathway
b. stimulate cytokine production by macrophages
c. phagocytose and degrade foreign antigens
d. display foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to MHC – ANSWERS-: d. display
foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to MHC
Which clinical finding is most indicative of an acute bacterial infection?
a. increased (band) neutrophils
b. elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
c. elevated WBC count
d. elevated temperature - ANSWERS- a. increased (band) neutrophils
Remember that initially in the stress response (release of cortisol) WBCs are released
from their moorings along the vessel walls. It takes time for more WBCs to be produced
in the bone marrow and the first WBCs to be released are immature "teenagers" who
haven't yet matured into fully functional neutrophils. THAT's the indication that there's
an active infection. We call it a "left shift;" a shift to less mature cells in response to
active infection.
Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are inflammatory cytokines
secreted by:
, a. lymphocytes
b. plasma cells
c. neutrophils
d. macrophages - ANSWERS- d. macrophages
Immunity to a specific organism can be determined by a lab test to check the ________.
a. erythrocyte sedimentation rate
b. WBC count
c. antibody titer
d. active phase protein count - ANSWERS- c. antibody titer
The primary function of B cells is:
a. killing antigen-presenting cells
b. making (i.e. synthesizing) antibodies
c. secreting cytokines
d. killing virally infected cells - ANSWERS- b. making (i.e. synthesizing) antibodies
B cells = antibodies
Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions
because:
a. massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation
b. anaphylaxis results in large volume losses secondary to sweating
c. toxins released into the blood interfere with cardiac function
d. hypoxia resulting from bronchoconstriction impairs cardiac function - ANSWERS- a.
massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation
Massive histamine release causes extreme vasodilation, which can result in severe
hypotension (e.g. anaphylactic shock). We treat these patients initially with large
amounts of IV fluid.
