PNB 2265 Lab 4 Questions and Answers Best rated A+ Guaranteed Success Latest Update

respiratory pigments - ️️proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry what is the respiratory pigment in vertebrates? - ️️hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve - ️️Relationship between available oxygen and amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin. sigmoidal shape binding of oxygen to hemoglobin dependent upon partial pressure of oxygen cooperative binding of hemoglobin - ️️- hemoglobin consists of four prosthetic heme groups that can bind one O2 each, as each individual O2 molecule binds, it increases the affinity of the next heme group for the additional O2 molecule - also works in reverse for O2 offloading - results in a sigmoidal dissociation curve upper pleateau of sigmoid curve - ️️Hb remains almost fully saturated in light of any respiratory/circulatory abnormalities as is typically experienced in old age, illness, or a low oxygen environment (e.g. high altitude). p50 - ️️half-saturation pressure at this point, half of hemoglobin present as oxyhemoglobin Right Shift Curve - ️️P50 increases lower affinity for oxygen promotes release of oxygen Left Shift Curve - ️️p50 decreases higher affinity for oxygen promotes the loading of oxygen Factors that Cause Right shift? - ️️Cadet face right carbon dioxide increase in acidity, lower pH increase in dpg exercise increase in temperature Factors that cause a left shift? - ️️stripped of dpg, more basic, cold temperatures, what wavelength would be used in the spectrophotometer? - ️️660 nmthis is because greatest visible difference on graph between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin spectrophotometer - ️️device that permits photometric readouts in transmittance (T), absorbance (A), and sometimes concentration (C), depending on the model being used. These instruments cover a wide range of spectral outputs and allow measurements to be made at precise wavelengths what is a tonometer - ️️flask with a side arm cuvette which value is C in saturation equation? - ️️the sample at 760mmHg, no oxygen taken out absorbance measured at 660nm Absorbance at 660nm after each pressure reduction which value is B in saturation equation? - ️️air pressure has been reduced from vacuum monometer Absorbance at 660nm after each pressure reduction Which value is A in saturation equation? - ️️completely deoxygenated sample used nitrogen to remove all oxygen Absorbance at 660nm of deoxygenated hemoglobin % hemoglobin saturation equation - ️️A-B/A-C X 100% how to find partial pressure of oxygen - ️️air pressure measured times .21 what is partial pressure of oxygen at 480mmHg? - ️️480 x .21 = 101 mmHg what is the relationship between absorbance and percent saturation of hemoglobin? - ️️inverse if 100% saturated, absorbance is low absorbance is high if saturation is 0% greater saturation/partial pressure of oxygen, the smaller the absorbance what must happen in between reading of the spectrophotometer - ️️must be zeroed with a blank tube how are we able to achieve complete deoxygenation of blood for a VALUE? - ️️nitrogen at 30 mmHg What are the increments we reduced air pressure by? - ️️5.5" mmHg (140 mmHg) using a vaccumSince the flask sticks out of spectrophotometer, how do you block light when taking absorbance? - ️️must use a black towel or cloth to cover since lid cannot close and cover entire flask from the outside why is cooperative binding biologically advantageous? - ️️rapid transition of loading oxygen or offloading oxygen what does BPG/DPG do? - ️️heteroallosteric inhibitor by binding to deoxyhemoglobin and promoting release of oxygen aka right shift when present