2
NU 673 Clinical Psychology Final Exam, Key Concepts
|| || || || || || || ||
questions with accurate detailed answers || || || ||
Classification and Diagnosis (DSM-5) || || ||
Classification and diagnosis involve identifying and labeling a psychological disorder using
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
established criteria. The DSM-5 is the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Mental Disorders, a widely used manual that guides mental health professionals in diagnosing and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
categorizing disorders.
|| ||
Diagnostic Criteria and Categories || || ||
Diagnostic criteria refers to the specific symptoms and behaviors that must be present for a mental
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
health condition to be diagnosed. Diagnostic categories are organized groupings of these
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
conditions, as outlined in manuals like the DSM-5. || || || || || || ||
Clinical Interview ||
A clinical interview is a structured conversation between a mental health professional and a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
patient to gather information about the patient's symptoms, history, and functioning related to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
feeding and eating disorders. || || ||
DSM-5 Criteria ||
DSM-5 criteria are the official guidelines published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, used by clinicians to diagnose specific feeding and eating
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
disorders based on defined symptoms and behaviors.
|| || || || || ||
Mood Disorders ||
Mood disorders are mental health conditions characterized by extreme changes or disturbances in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
mood, such as depression or mania. Common examples include major depressive disorder and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
bipolar disorder. ||
Assessment and Diagnosis of Mood Disorders || || || || ||
Assessment and diagnosis of mood disorders involve evaluating a person’s symptoms, medical
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
history, and functioning to determine if they meet the criteria for a mood disorder, often using
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
clinical interviews, self-report questionnaires, and diagnostic manuals such as the DSM-5.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Treatment Approaches for Mood Disorders || || || ||
,2
Treatment for mood disorders often combines psychological therapies with medication. Common
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
approaches include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy, antidepressant || || || || || || || ||
drugs, mood stabilizers, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, more intensive treatments such as
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Treatments are tailored to the needs of the individual. || || || || || || || || || || ||
CBT
CBT, or cognitive-behavioral therapy, is a form of talk therapy that teaches people to identify and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to mood disorders.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Types of Mood Disorders || || ||
Mood disorders are a group of mental health conditions that cause significant disturbances in a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
person’s emotional state, often involving periods of depression or elevated mood. Major types
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
include depressive disorders, such as major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
(dysthymia), and bipolar disorders, which involve episodes of mania and depression. || || || || || || || || || ||
Bipolar I Disorder || ||
Bipolar I Disorder is a mood disorder marked by at least one episode of mania, which may be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
preceded or followed by episodes of major depression. || || || || || || ||
Hypomanic Episodes ||
Hypomanic episodes are periods of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy or activity || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
that are noticeable to others but less severe than full mania. These episodes last at least four days
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and do not cause significant impairment in daily functioning or require hospitalization.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Major Depressive Episodes || ||
Major depressive episodes are periods marked by feelings of deep sadness or loss of interest
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
alongside other symptoms, such as low energy or difficulty concentrating, lasting at least two
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
weeks and impacting daily functioning.
|| || || ||
Major Depressive Disorder || ||
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness or a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
lack of interest in most activities, lasting at least two weeks and causing significant distress or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
impairment in daily life. || || ||
Changes in Appetite or Sleep || || || ||
Noticeable increases or decreases in how much a person eats or sleeps, such as eating much more
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
or less than usual, or experiencing insomnia or oversleeping.
|| || || || || || || ||
Loss of Interest || ||
,2
Loss of interest describes a noticeable decrease in pleasure or interest in nearly all activities that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
were previously enjoyed, which is a key symptom of major depressive disorder.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) || ||
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder || || || || || || ||
characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
with daily functioning or development.
|| || || ||
Inattention
Inattention refers to difficulty maintaining focus on tasks or activities, being easily distracted, and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
struggling to organize or complete work. It is a core symptom of ADHD.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) || || ||
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by challenges in
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
social communication and the presence of restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests. The
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
severity and symptoms can vary widely among individuals.
|| || || || || || ||
Social Communication Deficits || ||
Social communication deficits refer to difficulties in using language and nonverbal
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
communication in social contexts. This can include trouble understanding and responding to || || || || || || || || || || || ||
social cues, maintaining conversation, and forming peer relationships. These difficulties are a
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
core feature of autism spectrum disorder.
|| || || || ||
Intellectual Disability (ID) || ||
Intellectual Disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that includes limitations in
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, affecting daily social and practical skills, with
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
onset during the developmental period.
|| || || ||
Developmental Onset ||
Developmental onset means that the symptoms or impairments of a disorder begin during the || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
developmental period, usually before the age of 18. || || || || || || ||
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders || || ||
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders involve persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) || || || || || || || || ||
and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce distress. This group
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
includes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding
|| || || || || || || || ||
disorder.
Assessment and Diagnosis of OCD-Related Disorders || || || || ||
, 2
Assessment and diagnosis of OCD-related disorders involve interviews, symptom checklists, and
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
psychological tests. Clinicians look for patterns of obsessions, compulsions, and related || || || || || || || || || || ||
behaviors, using criteria from manuals like the DSM-5 to make a clinical diagnosis.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Diagnostic Criteria ||
Diagnostic criteria are a set of specific signs, symptoms, and guidelines used by clinicians to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
determine if a person meets the requirements for a particular mental disorder, such as OCD,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
according to established manuals like the DSM-5. || || || || || ||
Differential Diagnosis ||
Differential diagnosis is the process through which clinicians distinguish OCD and related
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
disorders from other psychological conditions that might have similar symptoms, ensuring an
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
accurate diagnosis. ||
Treatment Approaches for OCD-Related Disorders || || || ||
Treatment approaches for OCD-related disorders often include cognitive-behavioral therapy
|| || || || || || || || ||
(CBT), particularly exposure and response prevention (ERP), and medications such as selective
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In severe cases, other interventions like deep brain
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
stimulation may be considered. || || ||
ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention)
|| || || ||
ERP is a specific type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that exposes individuals to feared
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
situations or thoughts while helping them prevent their typical compulsive responses. This
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
technique reduces anxiety over time by breaking the link between obsessions and compulsions.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
SSRIs
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of medication often prescribed for
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
OCD. They increase serotonin levels in the brain and help reduce obsessions and compulsions.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Types of OCD-Related Disorders
|| || ||
Types of OCD-related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic
|| || || || || || || || || ||
disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-
|| || || || || || || ||
picking) disorder. These disorders share features such as repetitive thoughts or behaviors.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Hoarding Disorder ||
Hoarding Disorder involves persistent difficulty discarding or parting with items, regardless of
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
their real value, resulting in cluttered living spaces that can interfere with their intended use.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Difficulty Discarding ||
NU 673 Clinical Psychology Final Exam, Key Concepts
|| || || || || || || ||
questions with accurate detailed answers || || || ||
Classification and Diagnosis (DSM-5) || || ||
Classification and diagnosis involve identifying and labeling a psychological disorder using
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
established criteria. The DSM-5 is the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Mental Disorders, a widely used manual that guides mental health professionals in diagnosing and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
categorizing disorders.
|| ||
Diagnostic Criteria and Categories || || ||
Diagnostic criteria refers to the specific symptoms and behaviors that must be present for a mental
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
health condition to be diagnosed. Diagnostic categories are organized groupings of these
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
conditions, as outlined in manuals like the DSM-5. || || || || || || ||
Clinical Interview ||
A clinical interview is a structured conversation between a mental health professional and a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
patient to gather information about the patient's symptoms, history, and functioning related to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
feeding and eating disorders. || || ||
DSM-5 Criteria ||
DSM-5 criteria are the official guidelines published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, used by clinicians to diagnose specific feeding and eating
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
disorders based on defined symptoms and behaviors.
|| || || || || ||
Mood Disorders ||
Mood disorders are mental health conditions characterized by extreme changes or disturbances in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
mood, such as depression or mania. Common examples include major depressive disorder and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
bipolar disorder. ||
Assessment and Diagnosis of Mood Disorders || || || || ||
Assessment and diagnosis of mood disorders involve evaluating a person’s symptoms, medical
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
history, and functioning to determine if they meet the criteria for a mood disorder, often using
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
clinical interviews, self-report questionnaires, and diagnostic manuals such as the DSM-5.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Treatment Approaches for Mood Disorders || || || ||
,2
Treatment for mood disorders often combines psychological therapies with medication. Common
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
approaches include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy, antidepressant || || || || || || || ||
drugs, mood stabilizers, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, more intensive treatments such as
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Treatments are tailored to the needs of the individual. || || || || || || || || || || ||
CBT
CBT, or cognitive-behavioral therapy, is a form of talk therapy that teaches people to identify and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to mood disorders.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Types of Mood Disorders || || ||
Mood disorders are a group of mental health conditions that cause significant disturbances in a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
person’s emotional state, often involving periods of depression or elevated mood. Major types
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
include depressive disorders, such as major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
(dysthymia), and bipolar disorders, which involve episodes of mania and depression. || || || || || || || || || ||
Bipolar I Disorder || ||
Bipolar I Disorder is a mood disorder marked by at least one episode of mania, which may be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
preceded or followed by episodes of major depression. || || || || || || ||
Hypomanic Episodes ||
Hypomanic episodes are periods of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy or activity || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
that are noticeable to others but less severe than full mania. These episodes last at least four days
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and do not cause significant impairment in daily functioning or require hospitalization.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Major Depressive Episodes || ||
Major depressive episodes are periods marked by feelings of deep sadness or loss of interest
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
alongside other symptoms, such as low energy or difficulty concentrating, lasting at least two
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
weeks and impacting daily functioning.
|| || || ||
Major Depressive Disorder || ||
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness or a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
lack of interest in most activities, lasting at least two weeks and causing significant distress or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
impairment in daily life. || || ||
Changes in Appetite or Sleep || || || ||
Noticeable increases or decreases in how much a person eats or sleeps, such as eating much more
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
or less than usual, or experiencing insomnia or oversleeping.
|| || || || || || || ||
Loss of Interest || ||
,2
Loss of interest describes a noticeable decrease in pleasure or interest in nearly all activities that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
were previously enjoyed, which is a key symptom of major depressive disorder.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) || ||
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder || || || || || || ||
characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
with daily functioning or development.
|| || || ||
Inattention
Inattention refers to difficulty maintaining focus on tasks or activities, being easily distracted, and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
struggling to organize or complete work. It is a core symptom of ADHD.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) || || ||
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by challenges in
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
social communication and the presence of restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests. The
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
severity and symptoms can vary widely among individuals.
|| || || || || || ||
Social Communication Deficits || ||
Social communication deficits refer to difficulties in using language and nonverbal
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
communication in social contexts. This can include trouble understanding and responding to || || || || || || || || || || || ||
social cues, maintaining conversation, and forming peer relationships. These difficulties are a
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
core feature of autism spectrum disorder.
|| || || || ||
Intellectual Disability (ID) || ||
Intellectual Disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that includes limitations in
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, affecting daily social and practical skills, with
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
onset during the developmental period.
|| || || ||
Developmental Onset ||
Developmental onset means that the symptoms or impairments of a disorder begin during the || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
developmental period, usually before the age of 18. || || || || || || ||
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders || || ||
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders involve persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) || || || || || || || || ||
and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce distress. This group
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
includes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding
|| || || || || || || || ||
disorder.
Assessment and Diagnosis of OCD-Related Disorders || || || || ||
, 2
Assessment and diagnosis of OCD-related disorders involve interviews, symptom checklists, and
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
psychological tests. Clinicians look for patterns of obsessions, compulsions, and related || || || || || || || || || || ||
behaviors, using criteria from manuals like the DSM-5 to make a clinical diagnosis.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Diagnostic Criteria ||
Diagnostic criteria are a set of specific signs, symptoms, and guidelines used by clinicians to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
determine if a person meets the requirements for a particular mental disorder, such as OCD,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
according to established manuals like the DSM-5. || || || || || ||
Differential Diagnosis ||
Differential diagnosis is the process through which clinicians distinguish OCD and related
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
disorders from other psychological conditions that might have similar symptoms, ensuring an
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
accurate diagnosis. ||
Treatment Approaches for OCD-Related Disorders || || || ||
Treatment approaches for OCD-related disorders often include cognitive-behavioral therapy
|| || || || || || || || ||
(CBT), particularly exposure and response prevention (ERP), and medications such as selective
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In severe cases, other interventions like deep brain
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
stimulation may be considered. || || ||
ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention)
|| || || ||
ERP is a specific type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that exposes individuals to feared
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
situations or thoughts while helping them prevent their typical compulsive responses. This
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
technique reduces anxiety over time by breaking the link between obsessions and compulsions.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
SSRIs
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of medication often prescribed for
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
OCD. They increase serotonin levels in the brain and help reduce obsessions and compulsions.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Types of OCD-Related Disorders
|| || ||
Types of OCD-related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic
|| || || || || || || || || ||
disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-
|| || || || || || || ||
picking) disorder. These disorders share features such as repetitive thoughts or behaviors.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Hoarding Disorder ||
Hoarding Disorder involves persistent difficulty discarding or parting with items, regardless of
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
their real value, resulting in cluttered living spaces that can interfere with their intended use.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Difficulty Discarding ||
