2
Psychology 200 Exam 3 Study Guide Chapters 11, 12, 14, & 15 || || || || || || || || || || || ||
questions with accurate detailed answers || || || ||
What is personality? - ✔✔an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
What is self-report? - ✔✔a method in which people provide subjective information about their
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview
|| || || || || || || || ||
What is the MMPI? - ✔✔Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
|| || || || || || || ||
(the most widely used psychometric test for measuring adult psychopathology in the world. The
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
MMPI-2 is used in mental health, medical and employment settings)
|| || || || || || || || ||
What are the MMPI's validity scales designed to assess? - ✔✔Identifies personality structure and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
psychopathology i.e. mental disorders/soundness of mind/personality || || || || ||
What are some strengths and weaknesses of using self-report? - ✔✔Strengths: it's getting a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
personal account from the subject
|| || || ||
Weaknesses: risk social desirability bias as well as the lack of a base line for testing. What one
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
person could define as being a rude behavior, another could think that it's totally normal
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
What are projective tests? - ✔✔tests designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals' personalities
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli i.e. words, images, or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
situations
What is the Rorshach Inkblot Test? - ✔✔a projective technique in which respondents' inner
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
unstructured inkblots ||
,2
What is The Thematic Apperception Tests (TAT)? - ✔✔a projective technique in which
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
respondents' underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world are believed to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Example: Seeing a photo of a woman talking to a child and then interpreting a story from the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
photo.
What are some criticisms of projective tests of personality? - ✔✔Lack of standardization &
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
validity
"A common criticism of projective tests is their lack of standardization. This means that different
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
people giving the test may administer and interpret the tests differently and, therefore, the tests
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
will yield different results."
|| || ||
"Projective tests have been questioned for their validity or accuracy of measure. While the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
purpose of projective tests is to get at subconscious content, some believe the tests simply
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
measure content that is connected to the individual's most recent experiences, rather than their
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
deepest subconscious desires." || ||
What is the goal of the trait approach? - ✔✔a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and consistent way
|| || ||
What are the trait dimensions that make up the Big Five? - ✔✔Openness to experiences
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
What do twin studies- especially of twins raised apart- tell us about the heritability of personality
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
traits? - ✔✔identical twins, who share the same genes, proved markedly more similar to each
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
other in personality than did fraternal twins, who share on average only half their genes
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
, 2
Even if raised separately, the twins will often exhibit similar personalities or conform to each
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
other's personality when reunited.
|| || ||
What does the psychodynamic approach propose about personality? - ✔✔Personality is formed
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness
|| || || || || || || || ||
What are the id, ego, and superego? - ✔✔id: our desire to immediately satiate needs. If you're
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hungry, your id would take food immediately off someone else's plate without waiting for your
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
own.
superego: internalization of cultural/social rules. The superego is why we wouldn't take food off
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
someone else's plate. || ||
ego: acts as the balancer between the two. Keeps us from acting on impulse but also allows us to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
find and order at a restaurant.
|| || || || ||
What arises when there are unwanted thoughts or feelings? - ✔✔Anxiety
|| || || || || || || || || ||
What is repression? - ✔✔the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories || || || ||
What are defense mechanisms? - ✔✔unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
generated by threats from unacceptable impulses || || || || ||
What is rationalization? - ✔✔defense mechanism offering a rational, logical reason for an
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
upsetting event rather than the real reason || || || || || ||
What is reaction formation? - ✔✔defense mechanism that transforms an unwanted thought or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
feeling into its opposite || || ||
Psychology 200 Exam 3 Study Guide Chapters 11, 12, 14, & 15 || || || || || || || || || || || ||
questions with accurate detailed answers || || || ||
What is personality? - ✔✔an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
What is self-report? - ✔✔a method in which people provide subjective information about their
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview
|| || || || || || || || ||
What is the MMPI? - ✔✔Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
|| || || || || || || ||
(the most widely used psychometric test for measuring adult psychopathology in the world. The
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
MMPI-2 is used in mental health, medical and employment settings)
|| || || || || || || || ||
What are the MMPI's validity scales designed to assess? - ✔✔Identifies personality structure and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
psychopathology i.e. mental disorders/soundness of mind/personality || || || || ||
What are some strengths and weaknesses of using self-report? - ✔✔Strengths: it's getting a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
personal account from the subject
|| || || ||
Weaknesses: risk social desirability bias as well as the lack of a base line for testing. What one
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
person could define as being a rude behavior, another could think that it's totally normal
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
What are projective tests? - ✔✔tests designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals' personalities
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli i.e. words, images, or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
situations
What is the Rorshach Inkblot Test? - ✔✔a projective technique in which respondents' inner
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
unstructured inkblots ||
,2
What is The Thematic Apperception Tests (TAT)? - ✔✔a projective technique in which
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
respondents' underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world are believed to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Example: Seeing a photo of a woman talking to a child and then interpreting a story from the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
photo.
What are some criticisms of projective tests of personality? - ✔✔Lack of standardization &
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
validity
"A common criticism of projective tests is their lack of standardization. This means that different
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
people giving the test may administer and interpret the tests differently and, therefore, the tests
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
will yield different results."
|| || ||
"Projective tests have been questioned for their validity or accuracy of measure. While the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
purpose of projective tests is to get at subconscious content, some believe the tests simply
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
measure content that is connected to the individual's most recent experiences, rather than their
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
deepest subconscious desires." || ||
What is the goal of the trait approach? - ✔✔a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and consistent way
|| || ||
What are the trait dimensions that make up the Big Five? - ✔✔Openness to experiences
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
What do twin studies- especially of twins raised apart- tell us about the heritability of personality
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
traits? - ✔✔identical twins, who share the same genes, proved markedly more similar to each
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
other in personality than did fraternal twins, who share on average only half their genes
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
, 2
Even if raised separately, the twins will often exhibit similar personalities or conform to each
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
other's personality when reunited.
|| || ||
What does the psychodynamic approach propose about personality? - ✔✔Personality is formed
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness
|| || || || || || || || ||
What are the id, ego, and superego? - ✔✔id: our desire to immediately satiate needs. If you're
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hungry, your id would take food immediately off someone else's plate without waiting for your
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
own.
superego: internalization of cultural/social rules. The superego is why we wouldn't take food off
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
someone else's plate. || ||
ego: acts as the balancer between the two. Keeps us from acting on impulse but also allows us to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
find and order at a restaurant.
|| || || || ||
What arises when there are unwanted thoughts or feelings? - ✔✔Anxiety
|| || || || || || || || || ||
What is repression? - ✔✔the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories || || || ||
What are defense mechanisms? - ✔✔unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
generated by threats from unacceptable impulses || || || || ||
What is rationalization? - ✔✔defense mechanism offering a rational, logical reason for an
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
upsetting event rather than the real reason || || || || || ||
What is reaction formation? - ✔✔defense mechanism that transforms an unwanted thought or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
feeling into its opposite || || ||
