PNB 2265 Final Exam Study Guide Rated 100 %

What is true about the breakdown of red blood cells? - ️️ Iron is carried through the plasma by transferrin Bilirubin is excreted in the urine Bilirubin is excreted in the bile Iron is carried through the plasma by transferrin Adult hemoglobin is composed of what components? - ️️ four heme groups two beta subunits two alpha subunits Infant hemoglobin is composed of what components? - ️️ four heme groups two alpha subunits two gamma subunits What is hemoglobinuria characterized by? - ️️Large amounts of hemoglobin being expected in the urine What kinds of cells are agranulocytes? - ️️ Lymphocytes Monocytes The most abundant leukocytes are ________ & the least abundant are ________ - ️️Neutrophil & Basophil What is true about hemolytic disease? - ️️ It is caused by anti-D antibodies crossing the placenta occurs in a woman with AB- blood Red blood cells in the fetus are being attacked by IgG antibodies from the mother What is true about myeloid stem cells? - ️️ stimulation by EPO causes them to differentiate into proerythroblasts they have ribosomes they have a nucleus Where does Erythropoietin come from? - ️️The kidney, to increase RBC production In the process of hemostasis, what is Factor-X function? - ️️Activates a sequence of enzymatic reactions that produce the coagulation phase of hemostasis In the process of hemostasis, what is Tissue Factor's function? - ️️Serves as the entry point to the extrinsic pathway In the process of hemostasis, what is the function of Thrombin? - ️️Converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin In the process of hemostasis, what is the function of Collagen? - ️️Serves as the starting point of the intrinsic pathway- activates inactive clotting factors when blood leaks from the blood vessel What is hemostasis? - ️️The process of stopping blood loss What are the phases of hemostasis? - ️️1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet phase 3. Coagulation How is Thrombin formed? - ️️Either by the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways How is the extrinsic pathway initiated? - ️️Via tissue factors that come from damaged endothelial cells and then goes to the common pathway to form thrombin How is the intrinsic pathway initiated? - ️️Via collagen that activated clotting factors when blood leaks from blood vessels and then goes to common pathway to form thrombin What happens in the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis? - ️️Damaged blood vessel constricts to minimize blood flow and releases a damage signal What happens in the platelet phase of hemostasis? - ️️ Platelet become activated Platelet become sticky via adhesion Platelet sends out signals to attract more platelets (aggregation) Platelet forms plug to stop the bleeding Platelet assists in clot formation by being activated by ADP & ThromboxaneWhat happens in the coagulation phase of hemostasis? - ️️Fibrin is formed from fibrinogen via the thrombin enzyme that is sent from the platelets Which antibodies would normally be present in a man with type O negative blood? - ️️Anti-A antibodies Anti-B antibodies What is true about platelets? - ️️ they are cell fragments found in higher abundance than Leukocytes they are normally found in the blood, and some of their clotting factors may become activated upon exposure to a connective tissue protein they are activated by ADP and Thromboxane What are the functions of the papillary muscles? - ️️ hold the AV valves closed during ventricular systole prevent back flow of blood into the atria What would be observed on an EKG during the early stages of a myocardial infarction? - ️️Hyper acute T waves What is the HCN channel function in cardiac muscle when the channel is open? - ️️Opens at hyper polarized membrane potentials (pacemaker pre potential) What is the T-Type Calcium channel function in cardiac muscle when the channel is open? - ️️The first calcium channel to open in pacemaker cells What is the L-Type Calcium channel function in cardiac muscle when the channel is open? - ️️Responsible for the plateau phase of action potential in contractile cells What is the Voltage Gated Sodium channel function in cardiac muscle when the channel is open? - ️️Responsible for the "rising" phase of action potentials in contractile myocytes What is the order of blood flow starting with the Left Atrium? - ️️1. Bicuspid valve 2. Left ventricle 3. Aortic semilunar valve 4. Systemic capillaries 5. Inferior vena cava 6. Tricuspid valve 7. Pulmonary artery 8. Pulmonary veinAs ventricular systole ends, the semilunar valves are _______ and the AV vales are _______. When left ventricular pressure decreases below aortic pressure, the _______ valves will close. When left ventricular pressure decreases below _______ pressure, the _______ valves will open, and ventricular volume will _______ - ️️1. open 2. closed 3. SL valves 4. atrial pressure 5. AV vales 6. increase