PNB 2265 Respiratory
functions of the respiratory system - ✔️✔️gas exchange, regulate blood [H+], speech,
defense against microbes
upper respiratory tract - ✔️✔️nose, sinuses, pharynx
lower respiratory tract - ✔️✔️starts with larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, thoracic cavity,
continues through alveoli.
conducting zone - ✔️✔️purpose is to filter, warm, and moisten air, and conduct it to
lungs. conducting zone starts with nose/pharynx and extends to terminal bronchioles.
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles->terminal broncioles
respiratory zone - ✔️✔️purpose is gas exchange and includes the respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolus, and respiratory membrane. respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts, alveoli
ciliated columnar epithelium - ✔️✔️remove inhaled debris. also are mucus-secreting
goblet cells in this epithelium
bronchial tree - ✔️✔️transition from conducting to respiratory zone
pleural membranes - ✔️✔️double serous membrane that encases the lung
Boyle's Law - ✔️✔️with a closer container and a fixed # of gas molecules: inverse
relationship b/w pressure and volume
bulk flow - ✔️✔️F= ΔP/R, where ΔP= pressure difference and R= resistance
ventilation - ✔️✔️F= Palv - Patm/R
the amount of gas reaching specific alveoli
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures - ✔️✔️the pressure each gas exerts is independent
of the pressure the others exert. Total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the
individual gas pressures.
Henry's Law - ✔️✔️a gas dissolves into and out of liquid in proportion to its partial
pressure
emphysema affects - ✔️✔️-thickness of respiratory membrane -> increased
-surface area for exchange -> decreased
, cooperative binding - ✔️✔️affinity of Hb for O2 varies with oxygen saturation
how do we regulate breathing? - ✔️✔️-increase ventilation by increasing rate and
depth of breathing
-regulated by chemical factors in the blood (CO2, pH, O2)
peripheral chemoreceptors - ✔️✔️-carotid and aortic bodies
-sensitive to PO2; PCO2 and pH
central chemoreceptors - ✔️✔️-sensitive to pH of CSF
-recall, when blood CO2 rises, pH decreases
CO2 transport - ✔️✔️-dissolved in plasma
-bound to Hb
-as bicarbonate ions
brainstem respiratory control centers responsible for - ✔️✔️-respiratory rhythm
generation
-activation of inspiratory and expiratory nerves and muscles
-alveolar ventilation via changes in arterial blood gas partial pressures
pneumotaxic center - ✔️✔️assume following: "fine tunes" breathing rhythm and
smoothes out transitions from inspiration-expiration-inspiration
apneustic center - ✔️✔️function unknown
control by PCO2 (and pH) - ✔️✔️-Peripheral chemoreceptors sense CO2 and pH
-Central chemoreceptors sense pH
-Effect: increased ventilation
control by PO2 - ✔️✔️-Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated by decrease in O2
pontine respiratory centers - ✔️✔️-apneustic center
-pneumotaxic center
DRG receives input from - ✔️✔️-chemoreceptors
-lung stretch receptors
-baroreceptors
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) - ✔️✔️formerly called "expiratory center": contains
rhythm generating Pre-Botzinger Complex and both I and E neurons
functions of the respiratory system - ✔️✔️gas exchange, regulate blood [H+], speech,
defense against microbes
upper respiratory tract - ✔️✔️nose, sinuses, pharynx
lower respiratory tract - ✔️✔️starts with larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, thoracic cavity,
continues through alveoli.
conducting zone - ✔️✔️purpose is to filter, warm, and moisten air, and conduct it to
lungs. conducting zone starts with nose/pharynx and extends to terminal bronchioles.
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles->terminal broncioles
respiratory zone - ✔️✔️purpose is gas exchange and includes the respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolus, and respiratory membrane. respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts, alveoli
ciliated columnar epithelium - ✔️✔️remove inhaled debris. also are mucus-secreting
goblet cells in this epithelium
bronchial tree - ✔️✔️transition from conducting to respiratory zone
pleural membranes - ✔️✔️double serous membrane that encases the lung
Boyle's Law - ✔️✔️with a closer container and a fixed # of gas molecules: inverse
relationship b/w pressure and volume
bulk flow - ✔️✔️F= ΔP/R, where ΔP= pressure difference and R= resistance
ventilation - ✔️✔️F= Palv - Patm/R
the amount of gas reaching specific alveoli
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures - ✔️✔️the pressure each gas exerts is independent
of the pressure the others exert. Total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the
individual gas pressures.
Henry's Law - ✔️✔️a gas dissolves into and out of liquid in proportion to its partial
pressure
emphysema affects - ✔️✔️-thickness of respiratory membrane -> increased
-surface area for exchange -> decreased
, cooperative binding - ✔️✔️affinity of Hb for O2 varies with oxygen saturation
how do we regulate breathing? - ✔️✔️-increase ventilation by increasing rate and
depth of breathing
-regulated by chemical factors in the blood (CO2, pH, O2)
peripheral chemoreceptors - ✔️✔️-carotid and aortic bodies
-sensitive to PO2; PCO2 and pH
central chemoreceptors - ✔️✔️-sensitive to pH of CSF
-recall, when blood CO2 rises, pH decreases
CO2 transport - ✔️✔️-dissolved in plasma
-bound to Hb
-as bicarbonate ions
brainstem respiratory control centers responsible for - ✔️✔️-respiratory rhythm
generation
-activation of inspiratory and expiratory nerves and muscles
-alveolar ventilation via changes in arterial blood gas partial pressures
pneumotaxic center - ✔️✔️assume following: "fine tunes" breathing rhythm and
smoothes out transitions from inspiration-expiration-inspiration
apneustic center - ✔️✔️function unknown
control by PCO2 (and pH) - ✔️✔️-Peripheral chemoreceptors sense CO2 and pH
-Central chemoreceptors sense pH
-Effect: increased ventilation
control by PO2 - ✔️✔️-Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated by decrease in O2
pontine respiratory centers - ✔️✔️-apneustic center
-pneumotaxic center
DRG receives input from - ✔️✔️-chemoreceptors
-lung stretch receptors
-baroreceptors
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) - ✔️✔️formerly called "expiratory center": contains
rhythm generating Pre-Botzinger Complex and both I and E neurons
