NURS 6030 EXAM 1 MOD 1-3 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION

Are you taking NURS 6030 (Advanced Pathophysiology) and preparing for Exam 1 covering Modules 1-3? This comprehensive study guide contains complete questions and solutions covering every essential topic. From disease classifications (iatrogenic, idiopathic, acquired, congenital, nosocomial), epidemiology (morbidity, mortality, incidence, prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values), and levels of prevention to cellular metabolism (aerobic vs anaerobic, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation), cell structure (organelles, membrane transport), fluid and electrolyte balance (osmosis, diffusion, active transport, hydrostatic/oncotic pressure, edema, aldosterone, albumin), acid-base disorders (ABG interpretation with practice problems, metabolic acidosis/alkalosis, respiratory acidosis/alkalosis, compensation, hyperkalemia in acidosis), cellular adaptation and injury (atrophy, hypertrophy, dysplasia, metaplasia, hypoxia, ischemia, free radicals, reperfusion injury), and genetics (mitosis, meiosis, nondisjunction, trisomy, autosomal dominant/recessive, X-linked inheritance) – this resource is your all-in-one exam preparation tool. What's Inside – Complete NURS 6030 Exam 1 (Modules 1-3) Domain Coverage: Category Key Concepts & Questions Covered Disease Classifications Iatrogenic disease (caused by medical treatment – blood clot after surgery, radiation burn); Idiopathic (unknown cause – pulmonary fibrosis, pancreatitis); Acquired infections (develop after birth – chicken pox, mumps, syphilis); Nosocomial infection (hospital-acquired – MRSA); Congenital disease (present at birth) Epidemiology & Biostatistics Morbidity (effects of illness on person's life); Mortality (number who die from condition); Incidence rate (new cases during time period – risk of contracting disease); Prevalence rate (total number of cases at any one time); Sensitivity (ability to correctly identify those WITH disease – true positive rate); Specificity (ability to correctly identify those WITHOUT disease – true negative rate); Predictive value positive (probability positive test actually has disease); Predictive value negative (probability negative test actually does NOT have disease); High PPV = high sensitivity; Low PPV = low sensitivity; High NPV = high specificity; Low NPV = low specificity Levels of Prevention Primary prevention (prevent disease by removing risk factors – immunizations, eliminating smoking); Secondary prevention (detect disease early while asymptomatic – screening tests, colonoscopy, mammograms); Tertiary prevention (prevent further deterioration after diagnosis – diabetes medication, chemotherapy) Cellular Metabolism Anaerobic metabolism (without oxygen – occurs in cytoplasm, glycolysis only, 2 ATP); Aerobic metabolism (with oxygen – occurs in mitochondria, Krebs cycle + oxidative phosphorylation, 34 ATP); Glycolysis (anaerobic – glucose → pyruvate → 2 ATP; with hypoxia → lactic acid); Krebs cycle (aerobic – completes glucose breakdown in mitochondria → 2 ATP + NADH/FADH2); Oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic – electron transport chain → 32 ATP); Total aerobic ATP = 36 (2 + 2 + 32); No oxygen = only glycolysis (2 ATP), pyruvate → lactic acid, pH decreases Cell Organelles & Structures Ribosomes (site of protein synthesis); Rough ER (ribosomes on surface – transportation, antibodies, insulin); Smooth ER (lipid/carbohydrate synthesis – cell wall components); Lysosomes (digestive system – breaks down proteins, acids, carbs, dead organelles); Mitochondria (powerhouse – ATP production, site of aerobic metabolism); Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer – semipermeable, controls transport, receptors, electric currents, cell recognition/adhesion); Glycoproteins (surface marker proteins across lipid bilayer) Membrane Transport Active transport (requires ATP – moves against concentration gradient, enzyme/ATP pumps, vesicular); Passive transport (no ATP – diffusion, osmosis, filtration); Diffusion (movement from high to low concentration); Simple diffusion (through membranes/pores – small nonpolar substances like O2, CO2); Facilitated diffusion (requires membrane proteins – channels/carriers – Na+/K+ pump uses ion channels); Osmosis (movement of water from low to high concentration – passive diffusion); Exocytosis (vesicle fuses with plasma membrane → releases contents OUT of cell); Endocytosis (particle engulfed and brought INTO cell) Cell Communication Receptors activated by chemical messengers (hormones, neurotransmitters); Autocrine (hormone released and returns to same cell); Paracrine (hormone released from one cell → travels to another target cell); Endocrine (hormone released from endocrine gland → bloodstream → target cell) Membrane Potential Resting membrane potential maintained by sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump); Action potential (sudden change in resting potential triggered by electrical/chemical stimulation); Depolarization (resting negative → positive – sodium rushing into cell); Repolarization (positive → back to negative – calcium channels close, potassium channels open, rapid K+ diffusion out) Tissue Types Epithelial (protection, absorption, secretion, excretion – attached to basement membrane, lines internal/external surfaces); Connective (support, connect tissues – large extracellular matrix – adipose, cartilage); Muscular (highly contractile myocytes – skeletal, cardiac, smooth); Neural (specialized neurons – receive/send electrical impulses) Cellular Adaptation Atrophy (decrease in cell size – disuse, lack of hormonal stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischemia, aging); Hypertrophy (increase in cell size – increased workload, increased hormone stimulation – enlarged heart from hypertension); Dysplasia (abnormal changes in size/shape/organization – can revert or progress to malignancy – HPV, cervical cancer); Metaplasia (replacement of one differentiated cell type with another – GERD: esophageal cell change) Cell Injury & Death Hypoxia (lack of sufficient oxygen); Hypoxemia (lack of oxygen in blood); Ischemia (insufficient blood supply → hypoxia + free radicals – myocardial infarction example); Anoxia (absence of oxygen); Ischemia/hypoxia mechanism: insufficient blood supply → cells switch to anaerobic → low ATP → Na+/K+ pump fails → sodium stays in cells → water follows → cells swell, burst, die; Free radicals (molecules with unpaired electron – unstable, reactive – cause membrane damage, calcium overload of mitochondria, altered ATP production, cell death – causes: chemical exposure, ischemia-reperfusion, inflammation, aging – protection: antioxidants); High intracellular enzymes in blood (CPK, AST, ALT, LDH) = tissue damage/injury; Increased intracellular calcium (from decreased ATP and membrane damage → activates enzymes, alters mitochondrial permeability, activates caspases → apoptosis); Reperfusion injury (oxygen restored to ischemic tissue → xanthine/hypoxanthine metabolized → massive ROS/free radicals); Intracellular accumulations (waste products cell cannot eliminate – fatty deposits, coal dust); Tissue calcification (abnormal calcium salt deposits); Dystrophic calcification (dying/dead tissues in necrosis); Metastatic calcification (undamaged normal tissues from hypercalcemia) Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Total body water = 60% body weight (40% intracellular, 20% extracellular – 5% plasma, 14% interstitial, 1% transcellular); Most body fluid located intracellular (40%); Hydrostatic pressure (water/solutes moving intravascular → interstitial – increased hydrostatic pressure → edema); Oncotic pressure (plasma protein concentration – increased oncotic pressure = water flows INTO vascular space; decreased oncotic pressure = water flows OUT of vascular space); Albumin (helps keep water inside blood vessels – made in liver – low albumin → edema); Increased capillary permeability (loss of plasma proteins to interstitial space → increased tissue oncotic pressure → edema); Aldosterone (hormone that regulates kidneys – causes excretion of potassium from distal tubules, promotes sodium/water reabsorption); Osmosis (water movement to higher particle concentration); Diffusion (sodium movement high → low concentration); Active transport (movement against gradient, requires ATP) Acid-Base Balance (ABG Interpretation) Normal values: pH 7.35-7.45, PaCO2 35-45, HCO3 22-26, PO2 80-100; pH determined by ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate (1:20); Systems maintaining pH (respiratory system, kidneys, blood buffer system – blood buffer system works quickest); Metabolic acidosis (low pH, low HCO3 – excessive acid production or loss of bicarbonate); Metabolic alkalosis (high pH, high HCO3 – loss of gastric secretions/hydrochloric acid from vomiting/NG suction); Respiratory acidosis (low pH, high PaCO2 – hypoventilation, CO2 retention); Respiratory alkalosis (high pH, low PaCO2 – hyperventilation, anxiety, panic attacks); Compensated respiratory acidosis (pH normal 7.35-7.39, high PaCO2, high HCO3); Fully compensated respiratory acidosis (pH 7.38, PaCO2 55, HCO3 50); Acidosis causes hyperkalemia (H+ moves into cells, K+ moves out into bloodstream); Hyperkalemia (K+ 5, especially 6 – cardiac arrhythmias – first priority assessment); Anion gap (difference between sodium level and sum of Cl- + HCO3 – tells severity of acidosis); Treat metabolic ketoacidosis (insulin and sodium bicarbonate); Treat respiratory acidosis (ventilation – fix underlying cause); Treat respiratory alkalosis (breathe in paper bag, treat underlying cause) ABG Practice Problems Fully compensated metabolic acidosis (pH 7.36, PaCO2 31, HCO3 19); Fully compensated respiratory acidosis (pH 7.38, PaCO2 55, HCO3 50); Respiratory acidosis (pH 7.19, PaCO2 68, HCO3 24); Respiratory alkalosis (pH 7.50, PaCO2 28, HCO3 23) Genetics Mitosis (cell division – one cell → two genetically identical daughter cells – growth and repair); Meiosis (cell divides twice → four cells with half original genetic information – gamete/germ cell production); Diploid cell (contains both sets of homologous chromosomes – 46 chromosomes); Trisomy (extra copy of chromosome – developmental abnormalities – Down syndrome); Gene duplication (one chromosome has 2 copies of a gene from unequal crossing over); Nondisjunction (error in meiosis/mitosis – homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate); Translocation mutation (unusual arrangement of chromosomes); Phenotype (physical characteristics of organism); Karyotype (display of chromosome pairs arranged by size and shape); Allele (different forms of a gene); Homozygous (two identical alleles at a locus – AA or aa); Heterozygous (two different alleles – Aa) Inheritance Patterns Autosomal dominant (single gene disorder – 50% chance to pass regardless of sex – neurofibromatosis, Marfan syndrome); Autosomal recessive (both parents carriers – 25% chance affected child, 50% carrier, 25% normal unaffected); X-linked (gene carried on X chromosome – male inherits X-linked recessive from mother WILL express trait because Y has no counteracting gene – females more likely to be carriers, males more likely to have active disease) Key ABG Interpretation Problems Solved: ABG Values Interpretation pH 7.60, pCO2 39, HCO3 35 Metabolic alkalosis (high pH, high HCO3) pH 7.36, pCO2 31, HCO3 19 Fully compensated metabolic acidosis pH 7.38, pCO2 55, HCO3 50 Fully compensated respiratory acidosis pH 7.19, pCO2 68, HCO3 24 Respiratory acidosis pH 7.50, pCO2 28, HCO3 23 Respiratory alkalosis Why This Guide Works: Complete solutions – Every question answered with detailed explanations Exam-style Q&A – Mirrors actual NURS 6030 Exam 1 format ABG interpretation mastery – Practice problems with full rationales Fluid/electrolyte coverage – Hydrostatic/oncotic pressure, edema mechanisms, aldosterone, albumin Genetics & inheritance – Autosomal dominant/recessive, X-linked, nondisjunction Cellular biology & injury – Metabolism, organelles, adaptation, free radicals, reperfusion injury Perfect for: NURS 6030 Advanced Pathophysiology students Graduate nursing programs (NP, CNS, CNM, CRNA) Medical students and physician assistant programs NCLEX-RN and graduate-level nursing exams Anyone needing comprehensive pathophysiology review for Modules 1-3