[Solved] NUR1172 Study Guide Exam 1

Study Guide Exam One
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Chapter 2


I. Digestion
A. Movement of food through the digestive tract
1. Muscular
a. Mouth – mastication. Swallowing involves mouth and pharynx. Brain

once started cannot be stopped.
b. Esophagus – Connects mouth and throat with stomach. Moves by

peristaltic.
(1) Upper esophageal sphincter (UES): controls entry of food bolus into

esophagus.
(2) Lower esophageal sphincter (LES): controls food into stomach




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c. Stomach
(1) Kneading and churning: moves food to pyloric valve by peristatic




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d. Small intestine
(1) Peristalsis:




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e. End Products of Digestion
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(1) Review Tables 2-2 & 2-3 on page 35
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2. Chemical
a. Mouth
(1) Salivary amylase
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(2) Saliva: moisten food particles, releases lingual lipase (fat digestion)
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(3) Mucous
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b. Stomach
(1) hydrochloric acid: creates an acidic environment for certain enzymes

to work.
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(2) Mucus: protects stomach lining from the HCL. Binds and mixes food.
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(3) Enzymes: pepsin break downs proteins. Activated by HCL. Gastric

lipase.
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c. Small intestine: regulatory center.
(1) Enzymes: certain enzymes act on specific macronutrients to bring
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their final breakdown so the body can use and absorb them.
(2) Mucus: protects from irrational form HCL
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(3) Hormones: Secretin! This stimulates the pancreas to send alkaline

pancreatic juices to protect against HCL without neutralizing others.
(4) Bile
(a) Emulsifies fat
(b) Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

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, Study Guide Exam One
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II. Absorption
A. Small intestine
1. Absorbs most of the nutrients though diffusion and osmosis
B. Large intestine
1. Primary task is the absorption of water ( 5 – 8 L/day)
2. Mineral absorption
(1) Sodium and other electrolytes
3. Vitamin absorption
(1) Vitamin K and biotin
4. Waste elimination
C. Lactose intolerance – inability to digest lactose
1. Intolerance varies by individual
2. Stems from a deficiency of the enzyme lactase
3. Not the same as a milk allergy
D. Prebiotics




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1. Undigested carbohydrates that pass into the colon and ferment




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2. Stimulate the growth and activity of healthy bacteria (fertalize)




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a. Increased immune function: influence secretion of antibodies




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b. Mineral absorption
c. Relieves constipation




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d. Colon Cancer – may help destroy cancer cells and toxic enzymes
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E. Probiotics
1. Live microorganisms
a. In correct amounts may result in health benefits.
2. Lactic – acid most common
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3. Clinical applications
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a. Diarrhea
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b. Inflammatory bowel disease
c. Inhibition of H. Pylori
d. Lactose intolerance
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III. Metabolism
A. Carbohydrates
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1. Primary & preferred energy source
a. Glucose
(1) Metabolized by liver
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(2) Hormonal control
(a) Insulin – only hormone that can lower blood glucose
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(b) Glucagon – one of the hormones that can elevate blood glucose
(c) Steroids, epinephrine, thyroxine, somatostatin and growth
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hormone can also elevate blood glucose.
B. Lipids
1. Interrelated with glucose re: involve the same hormones
2. Absorbed from small intestine and metabolized in liver (page 44)
C. Protein
1. Balance between anabolism and catabolism

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