BIO 242 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Chargaff's rules - ✔✔Amounts of A=T and G=C in DNA
✔✔Semiconservative replication - ✔✔Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand
and one new strand
✔✔RNA - ✔✔Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in gene expression
✔✔mRNA - ✔✔RNA that carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosome
✔✔tRNA - ✔✔RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation
✔✔Central dogma - ✔✔Flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein
✔✔Transcription - ✔✔Process of making RNA from a DNA template
✔✔Translation - ✔✔Process of building a protein from an mRNA sequence
✔✔Gene regulation - ✔✔Control of when and how much a gene is expressed
✔✔Operon - ✔✔Prokaryotic gene regulation system with coordinated gene control
✔✔Promoter - ✔✔DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds
✔✔Operator - ✔✔DNA site where repressors bind in operons
✔✔Repressor - ✔✔Protein that blocks transcription
✔✔Activator - ✔✔Protein that increases transcription
✔✔Enhancer - ✔✔DNA region that increases transcription in eukaryotes
✔✔Genome - ✔✔Complete set of genetic material in an organism
✔✔Gene - ✔✔Segment of DNA that encodes a functional product
✔✔Chromosome - ✔✔DNA molecule packaged with proteins
✔✔Allele - ✔✔Different versions of the same gene
✔✔Diploid - ✔✔Cell with two sets of chromosomes
, ✔✔Haploid - ✔✔Cell with one set of chromosomes
✔✔Homologous chromosomes - ✔✔Chromosome pairs with the same genes but
possibly different alleles
✔✔Sister chromatids - ✔✔Identical copies of a chromosome joined together
✔✔Mitosis - ✔✔Cell division producing identical daughter cells
✔✔Meiosis - ✔✔Cell division producing genetically diverse haploid gametes
✔✔Independent assortment - ✔✔Random alignment of homologous chromosomes
during meiosis
✔✔Crossing over - ✔✔Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes
✔✔Fertilization - ✔✔Union of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote
✔✔Substitution - ✔✔mutation One base replaced by another
✔✔Insertion mutation - ✔✔Addition of one or more bases
✔✔Deletion mutation - ✔✔Removal of one or more bases
✔✔Missense mutation - ✔✔Mutation that changes one amino acid
✔✔Nonsense mutation - ✔✔Mutation that creates a stop codon
✔✔Silent mutation - ✔✔Mutation that does not change the amino acid
✔✔Scientific method - ✔✔Process of forming hypotheses and testing them with
experiments
✔✔Hypothesis - ✔✔Testable explanation for an observation
✔✔Independent variable - ✔✔Variable that is manipulated in an experiment
✔✔Dependent variable - ✔✔Variable that is measured in an experiment
✔✔Control - ✔✔Group used as a baseline for comparison
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Chargaff's rules - ✔✔Amounts of A=T and G=C in DNA
✔✔Semiconservative replication - ✔✔Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand
and one new strand
✔✔RNA - ✔✔Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in gene expression
✔✔mRNA - ✔✔RNA that carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosome
✔✔tRNA - ✔✔RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation
✔✔Central dogma - ✔✔Flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein
✔✔Transcription - ✔✔Process of making RNA from a DNA template
✔✔Translation - ✔✔Process of building a protein from an mRNA sequence
✔✔Gene regulation - ✔✔Control of when and how much a gene is expressed
✔✔Operon - ✔✔Prokaryotic gene regulation system with coordinated gene control
✔✔Promoter - ✔✔DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds
✔✔Operator - ✔✔DNA site where repressors bind in operons
✔✔Repressor - ✔✔Protein that blocks transcription
✔✔Activator - ✔✔Protein that increases transcription
✔✔Enhancer - ✔✔DNA region that increases transcription in eukaryotes
✔✔Genome - ✔✔Complete set of genetic material in an organism
✔✔Gene - ✔✔Segment of DNA that encodes a functional product
✔✔Chromosome - ✔✔DNA molecule packaged with proteins
✔✔Allele - ✔✔Different versions of the same gene
✔✔Diploid - ✔✔Cell with two sets of chromosomes
, ✔✔Haploid - ✔✔Cell with one set of chromosomes
✔✔Homologous chromosomes - ✔✔Chromosome pairs with the same genes but
possibly different alleles
✔✔Sister chromatids - ✔✔Identical copies of a chromosome joined together
✔✔Mitosis - ✔✔Cell division producing identical daughter cells
✔✔Meiosis - ✔✔Cell division producing genetically diverse haploid gametes
✔✔Independent assortment - ✔✔Random alignment of homologous chromosomes
during meiosis
✔✔Crossing over - ✔✔Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes
✔✔Fertilization - ✔✔Union of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote
✔✔Substitution - ✔✔mutation One base replaced by another
✔✔Insertion mutation - ✔✔Addition of one or more bases
✔✔Deletion mutation - ✔✔Removal of one or more bases
✔✔Missense mutation - ✔✔Mutation that changes one amino acid
✔✔Nonsense mutation - ✔✔Mutation that creates a stop codon
✔✔Silent mutation - ✔✔Mutation that does not change the amino acid
✔✔Scientific method - ✔✔Process of forming hypotheses and testing them with
experiments
✔✔Hypothesis - ✔✔Testable explanation for an observation
✔✔Independent variable - ✔✔Variable that is manipulated in an experiment
✔✔Dependent variable - ✔✔Variable that is measured in an experiment
✔✔Control - ✔✔Group used as a baseline for comparison
