BIO 242 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔the scarring of heart valves by a toxin produced by bacteria causes what type of
childhood illness - ✔✔strep throat (scarlet fever)
✔✔how does the sympathetic division of the ANS effect cardiac heart rate? -
✔✔decreases permeability of K+, resulting in a faster heart rate.
✔✔what is the mechanism of extrinsic control of cardiac stroke volume? - ✔✔the
sympathetic division increases ventricular contraction
✔✔coronary arterial disease involves what change(s) to the cardiovascular system? -
✔✔creation of "plaque" within arterial walls
✔✔large elastic arteries act as a _____ reservoir in the cardiovascular system -
✔✔pressure
✔✔the increased metabolic state of cells (like in exercising muscle) causes__________
within the adjacent arterioles to increase blood flow - ✔✔vasodilation
✔✔what changes to baroreceptors within the aorta and carotid arteries detect? -
✔✔mean arterial pressure (MAP)
✔✔under normal conditions of bulk flow within capillary beds, more fluid plasma is
filtered than is reabsorbed. to prevent edema, where does the remaining fluid go? -
✔✔it is absorbed by initial lymphatic vessels
✔✔within the nervous system, blood flows at a low pressure. what additional
characteristics of veins aids venous return of blood to the heart? - ✔✔1. one way valves
2. location between large skeletal muscles
✔✔what is the term for the medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure
due to improperly functioning blood pressure control mechanisms? - ✔✔hypertension
✔✔what is the afferent sensory system within the muscle that informs the central
nervous system of the tension on the muscle? - ✔✔golgi tendon organ
✔✔what heart chamber produces the most force (pressure) when ejecting blood? -
✔✔left ventricle
, ✔✔the multi-step process involving the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the air and lungs, between the lungs and pulmonary capillaries, and finally
between the blood and tissue cells is called - ✔✔the pulmonary circuit
✔✔the following are functions of the respiratory system - ✔✔1. gas exchange
2. regulation of blood pH
3. allows for speech
✔✔what is not a function of the respiratory system? - ✔✔excretion of sodium.
✔✔which of the following cells are present in alveoli? - ✔✔1. macrophages
2. type I cells
3. type II cells
4. All of the above (CORRECT ANSWER)
✔✔what is the term for the collapse of a lung due to disease or trauma? -
✔✔pneumothorax
✔✔what muscles are contracting during active respiration? - ✔✔abdominal muscles
✔✔why is the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) emphysema different
from other COPDs such as asthma? - ✔✔emphysema symptoms include collapse of
alveolar walls and asthma does not
✔✔gas exchange between the atmosphere, blood, and tissue cells is facilitated by what
kind of gradient? - ✔✔partial pressure gradients
✔✔within the medullary center, what respiratory actions do the ventral respiratory group
(VRG) cells influence? - ✔✔1. Inspiration
2. Expiration
✔✔what factors influence the increase of ventilation within the medullary respiratory
center? - ✔✔increase in hydrogen ion (H+) in the brain ECF
✔✔the following are functions of the urinary system - ✔✔1. maintains fluid balance
2. excretes metabolic waste
3. regulates pH balance
✔✔the following is NOT a function of the urinary system - ✔✔regulates excretion of
insulin
✔✔what is the "functional unit" of the kidney? - ✔✔nephron
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔the scarring of heart valves by a toxin produced by bacteria causes what type of
childhood illness - ✔✔strep throat (scarlet fever)
✔✔how does the sympathetic division of the ANS effect cardiac heart rate? -
✔✔decreases permeability of K+, resulting in a faster heart rate.
✔✔what is the mechanism of extrinsic control of cardiac stroke volume? - ✔✔the
sympathetic division increases ventricular contraction
✔✔coronary arterial disease involves what change(s) to the cardiovascular system? -
✔✔creation of "plaque" within arterial walls
✔✔large elastic arteries act as a _____ reservoir in the cardiovascular system -
✔✔pressure
✔✔the increased metabolic state of cells (like in exercising muscle) causes__________
within the adjacent arterioles to increase blood flow - ✔✔vasodilation
✔✔what changes to baroreceptors within the aorta and carotid arteries detect? -
✔✔mean arterial pressure (MAP)
✔✔under normal conditions of bulk flow within capillary beds, more fluid plasma is
filtered than is reabsorbed. to prevent edema, where does the remaining fluid go? -
✔✔it is absorbed by initial lymphatic vessels
✔✔within the nervous system, blood flows at a low pressure. what additional
characteristics of veins aids venous return of blood to the heart? - ✔✔1. one way valves
2. location between large skeletal muscles
✔✔what is the term for the medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure
due to improperly functioning blood pressure control mechanisms? - ✔✔hypertension
✔✔what is the afferent sensory system within the muscle that informs the central
nervous system of the tension on the muscle? - ✔✔golgi tendon organ
✔✔what heart chamber produces the most force (pressure) when ejecting blood? -
✔✔left ventricle
, ✔✔the multi-step process involving the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the air and lungs, between the lungs and pulmonary capillaries, and finally
between the blood and tissue cells is called - ✔✔the pulmonary circuit
✔✔the following are functions of the respiratory system - ✔✔1. gas exchange
2. regulation of blood pH
3. allows for speech
✔✔what is not a function of the respiratory system? - ✔✔excretion of sodium.
✔✔which of the following cells are present in alveoli? - ✔✔1. macrophages
2. type I cells
3. type II cells
4. All of the above (CORRECT ANSWER)
✔✔what is the term for the collapse of a lung due to disease or trauma? -
✔✔pneumothorax
✔✔what muscles are contracting during active respiration? - ✔✔abdominal muscles
✔✔why is the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) emphysema different
from other COPDs such as asthma? - ✔✔emphysema symptoms include collapse of
alveolar walls and asthma does not
✔✔gas exchange between the atmosphere, blood, and tissue cells is facilitated by what
kind of gradient? - ✔✔partial pressure gradients
✔✔within the medullary center, what respiratory actions do the ventral respiratory group
(VRG) cells influence? - ✔✔1. Inspiration
2. Expiration
✔✔what factors influence the increase of ventilation within the medullary respiratory
center? - ✔✔increase in hydrogen ion (H+) in the brain ECF
✔✔the following are functions of the urinary system - ✔✔1. maintains fluid balance
2. excretes metabolic waste
3. regulates pH balance
✔✔the following is NOT a function of the urinary system - ✔✔regulates excretion of
insulin
✔✔what is the "functional unit" of the kidney? - ✔✔nephron
