BIO 242 UPDATED 2026 EXAM SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔the elements of the cytoskeleton include - ✔✔1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
3. intermediate filaments
ANSWER: all of the above
✔✔microtubules are hollow tubes comprised of - ✔✔tubulin
✔✔centrioles have several important functions including - ✔✔1. duplicated centrioles
begin the formation of the mitotic spindle
2. centrioles form the base of flagella and cilia
3. centrioles within the centrosome is the cells main microtubule organizing center
✔✔a function that centrioles do not carry out is - ✔✔centrioles form the base of
microvilli in the small intestine.
✔✔microtubules form "highways" for categories of motor proteins that selectively carry
cell materials away from and toward the nucleus/cell body. Motor proteins that bring
materials away from the nucleus are called ________ while motor proteins that bring
materials toward the cell body are called _______. - ✔✔kinesin; dynEIN
✔✔the image above represents a cross section of a - ✔✔either a cilium or a flagellum,
they appear the same in cross section
✔✔observe what dynein arms are - ✔✔
✔✔the statements below regarding microfilaments are all true EXCEPT - ✔✔1.
microfilaments are made of actin subunits
2. microfilaments are hollow (NOT TRUE)
3. microfilaments form a contractile ring in order to split duplicate cells during
cytokinesis
4. microfilaments form the mechanical stiffeners in microvilli.
✔✔the main intermediate filament protein in skin and hair is called - ✔✔keratin
✔✔(true/false) the plasma membrane is made only of a phospholipid bilayer - ✔✔false,
the plasma membrane is predominantly made out of phospholipids, but includes many
proteins, cholesterol, and associated carbohydrates.
✔✔the small amount of carbohydrate associated with the outer surface of the plasma
membrane has the following function - ✔✔it serves as a self-identity marker that allows
for cell recognition.
, ✔✔what protein is considered a membrane protein? - ✔✔1. leak channels
2. dock-marker acceptor proteins
3.carrier proteins
4.voltage gated channels
5. all of the above (THIS ONE)
✔✔the strongest adhesion of cells formed by cytoplasmic plaques, cadherin, and
keratin proteins - ✔✔desmosome
✔✔connexon tunnels allow the passage of small molecules between connected cells. -
✔✔gap junction
✔✔claudin proteins create "kiss" sites and prevent the passage of fluid in between cells
- ✔✔tight junctions
✔✔the plasma membrane is considered - ✔✔semipermeable
✔✔osmosis is the movement of water - ✔✔from a high to a low water concentration
✔✔a cell has been placed in a solution and quickly shrivels. the solution is -
✔✔hypertonic (to the cell)
✔✔the following statements are true about mitochondria - ✔✔1. mitochondria are
double membrane organelles
2. mitochindria are believed to be derived from bacteris
3. mitochondria produce the large amounts of ATP needed t o fuel cellular processes
✔✔mitochondria function completely indepentently from the rest of the cell - ✔✔false
✔✔where does glycolysis occur - ✔✔the cytosol
✔✔when oxygen gets converted to carbon dioxide during cellular respiration, the carbon
dioxide molecule has undergone - ✔✔oxidation
✔✔in the first step of the citric acid cycle, what molecules combine to form the six
carbon molecule citrate? - ✔✔acetyl-CoA an Oxaloacetate
✔✔`what does the term chemiosmosis refer to - ✔✔the movement of ATP synthase
powered by the flow of H+ ions along their concentration gradient resulting in ATP
production
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔the elements of the cytoskeleton include - ✔✔1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
3. intermediate filaments
ANSWER: all of the above
✔✔microtubules are hollow tubes comprised of - ✔✔tubulin
✔✔centrioles have several important functions including - ✔✔1. duplicated centrioles
begin the formation of the mitotic spindle
2. centrioles form the base of flagella and cilia
3. centrioles within the centrosome is the cells main microtubule organizing center
✔✔a function that centrioles do not carry out is - ✔✔centrioles form the base of
microvilli in the small intestine.
✔✔microtubules form "highways" for categories of motor proteins that selectively carry
cell materials away from and toward the nucleus/cell body. Motor proteins that bring
materials away from the nucleus are called ________ while motor proteins that bring
materials toward the cell body are called _______. - ✔✔kinesin; dynEIN
✔✔the image above represents a cross section of a - ✔✔either a cilium or a flagellum,
they appear the same in cross section
✔✔observe what dynein arms are - ✔✔
✔✔the statements below regarding microfilaments are all true EXCEPT - ✔✔1.
microfilaments are made of actin subunits
2. microfilaments are hollow (NOT TRUE)
3. microfilaments form a contractile ring in order to split duplicate cells during
cytokinesis
4. microfilaments form the mechanical stiffeners in microvilli.
✔✔the main intermediate filament protein in skin and hair is called - ✔✔keratin
✔✔(true/false) the plasma membrane is made only of a phospholipid bilayer - ✔✔false,
the plasma membrane is predominantly made out of phospholipids, but includes many
proteins, cholesterol, and associated carbohydrates.
✔✔the small amount of carbohydrate associated with the outer surface of the plasma
membrane has the following function - ✔✔it serves as a self-identity marker that allows
for cell recognition.
, ✔✔what protein is considered a membrane protein? - ✔✔1. leak channels
2. dock-marker acceptor proteins
3.carrier proteins
4.voltage gated channels
5. all of the above (THIS ONE)
✔✔the strongest adhesion of cells formed by cytoplasmic plaques, cadherin, and
keratin proteins - ✔✔desmosome
✔✔connexon tunnels allow the passage of small molecules between connected cells. -
✔✔gap junction
✔✔claudin proteins create "kiss" sites and prevent the passage of fluid in between cells
- ✔✔tight junctions
✔✔the plasma membrane is considered - ✔✔semipermeable
✔✔osmosis is the movement of water - ✔✔from a high to a low water concentration
✔✔a cell has been placed in a solution and quickly shrivels. the solution is -
✔✔hypertonic (to the cell)
✔✔the following statements are true about mitochondria - ✔✔1. mitochondria are
double membrane organelles
2. mitochindria are believed to be derived from bacteris
3. mitochondria produce the large amounts of ATP needed t o fuel cellular processes
✔✔mitochondria function completely indepentently from the rest of the cell - ✔✔false
✔✔where does glycolysis occur - ✔✔the cytosol
✔✔when oxygen gets converted to carbon dioxide during cellular respiration, the carbon
dioxide molecule has undergone - ✔✔oxidation
✔✔in the first step of the citric acid cycle, what molecules combine to form the six
carbon molecule citrate? - ✔✔acetyl-CoA an Oxaloacetate
✔✔`what does the term chemiosmosis refer to - ✔✔the movement of ATP synthase
powered by the flow of H+ ions along their concentration gradient resulting in ATP
production
