NUR125 Exam 4 Spring 2023
content grouped by topic for
easier review and memorization
Questions and Answers
Hemostasis & Coagulation
Q: What is hemostasis?
A: Stoppage of bleeding
Q: What is thrombocytopenia?
A: Low platelet count
Q: What is Virchow’s triad?
A: Venous stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability
Q: What are emboli?
A: Clots that break loose and travel through circulation
Q: What is deep venous thrombosis (DVT)?
A: Blood clot formation in a deep vein, usually in legs or pelvic region
Q: What is a patent foramen ovale (PFO)?
A: A hole in the heart that didn’t close after birth
Q: What are VTE prophylaxis measures?
A: Early mobilization, TED hose, SCDs, Lovenox/heparin, ASA
Q: What is Lovenox (enoxaparin)?
A: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)
,Q: What is partial occlusion?
A: Blood flow partially blocked by a thrombus
Q: What is complete occlusion?
A: Blood flow fully blocked by a thrombus
Q: What does PT test for?
A: Ability of blood to clot
Q: Gold standard diagnostic imaging for DVT?
A: Duplex venous ultrasonography
Q: Thrombolytic agents?
A: Drugs used to dissolve thrombi
Q: Food high in vitamin K that interacts with warfarin?
A: Spinach
Q: Preferred anticoagulant in pregnancy?
A: Heparin (inpatient), enoxaparin (outpatient)
Q: Phlegmasia cerulea dolens vs alba dolens?
A: Cerulea: cyanotic leg, vascular emergency; Alba: painful white leg
Blood Pressure & Hypertension
Q: Normal BP?
A: ≤120/80 mmHg
Q: Elevated BP?
A: 120-129 / <80
Q: Stage 1 HTN?
A: 130--89
,Q: Stage 2 HTN?
A: ≥140 / ≥90
Q: Hypertensive crisis?
A: SBP >180 or DBP >120
Q: Secondary HTN causes?
A: Kidney disease, coarctation, endocrine, neurologic, drug use,
pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, OSA
Q: Most important lifestyle modification for HTN?
A: Smoking cessation
Q: DASH diet?
A: Low-fat, high fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, reduces BP
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
Q: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?
A: Narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to limbs
Q: Chronic venous insufficiency?
A: Inadequate venous return due to blockage, valve leakage, or
narrowing (pulses present)
Q: Risk factors PAD?
A: Smoking, high-fat diet, DM, stress, HTN, hyperlipidemia, age,
genetics, elevated CRP
Q: Clinical manifestations PAD?
A: Cool, pale skin, hair loss, round ulcers, absent pulses, no edema
, Q: 6 P’s of arterial occlusion?
A: Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Paralysis, Poikilothermia
Q: Ankle brachial pressure index (ABI)?
A: Ankle systolic / brachial systolic
Q: Medications for PAD?
A: Pentoxifylline (Trental), Cilostazol (Pletal), Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Q: Surgical management of PAD?
A: PTA, stents, atherectomy, endarterectomy, bypass grafting
Q: Arterial ulcers vs venous ulcers?
A: Arterial: toes, round, smooth, no edema, black eschar
Venous: ankles, irregular, edema, blood return problem
Stress & Coping
Q: Stressors?
A: External influence disrupting homeostasis
Q: Sympathetic nervous system?
A: Fight or flight; releases epinephrine
Q: Types of stressors?
A: Biogenic (caffeine, extreme temps), psychosocial (fear of heights)
Q: Stress classifications?
A: Acute, sequential, chronic intermittent, chronic permanent
Q: Coping strategies?
A: Problem-focused, emotion-focused, avoidance, approach, meaning-
focused
content grouped by topic for
easier review and memorization
Questions and Answers
Hemostasis & Coagulation
Q: What is hemostasis?
A: Stoppage of bleeding
Q: What is thrombocytopenia?
A: Low platelet count
Q: What is Virchow’s triad?
A: Venous stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability
Q: What are emboli?
A: Clots that break loose and travel through circulation
Q: What is deep venous thrombosis (DVT)?
A: Blood clot formation in a deep vein, usually in legs or pelvic region
Q: What is a patent foramen ovale (PFO)?
A: A hole in the heart that didn’t close after birth
Q: What are VTE prophylaxis measures?
A: Early mobilization, TED hose, SCDs, Lovenox/heparin, ASA
Q: What is Lovenox (enoxaparin)?
A: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)
,Q: What is partial occlusion?
A: Blood flow partially blocked by a thrombus
Q: What is complete occlusion?
A: Blood flow fully blocked by a thrombus
Q: What does PT test for?
A: Ability of blood to clot
Q: Gold standard diagnostic imaging for DVT?
A: Duplex venous ultrasonography
Q: Thrombolytic agents?
A: Drugs used to dissolve thrombi
Q: Food high in vitamin K that interacts with warfarin?
A: Spinach
Q: Preferred anticoagulant in pregnancy?
A: Heparin (inpatient), enoxaparin (outpatient)
Q: Phlegmasia cerulea dolens vs alba dolens?
A: Cerulea: cyanotic leg, vascular emergency; Alba: painful white leg
Blood Pressure & Hypertension
Q: Normal BP?
A: ≤120/80 mmHg
Q: Elevated BP?
A: 120-129 / <80
Q: Stage 1 HTN?
A: 130--89
,Q: Stage 2 HTN?
A: ≥140 / ≥90
Q: Hypertensive crisis?
A: SBP >180 or DBP >120
Q: Secondary HTN causes?
A: Kidney disease, coarctation, endocrine, neurologic, drug use,
pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, OSA
Q: Most important lifestyle modification for HTN?
A: Smoking cessation
Q: DASH diet?
A: Low-fat, high fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, reduces BP
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
Q: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?
A: Narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to limbs
Q: Chronic venous insufficiency?
A: Inadequate venous return due to blockage, valve leakage, or
narrowing (pulses present)
Q: Risk factors PAD?
A: Smoking, high-fat diet, DM, stress, HTN, hyperlipidemia, age,
genetics, elevated CRP
Q: Clinical manifestations PAD?
A: Cool, pale skin, hair loss, round ulcers, absent pulses, no edema
, Q: 6 P’s of arterial occlusion?
A: Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Paralysis, Poikilothermia
Q: Ankle brachial pressure index (ABI)?
A: Ankle systolic / brachial systolic
Q: Medications for PAD?
A: Pentoxifylline (Trental), Cilostazol (Pletal), Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Q: Surgical management of PAD?
A: PTA, stents, atherectomy, endarterectomy, bypass grafting
Q: Arterial ulcers vs venous ulcers?
A: Arterial: toes, round, smooth, no edema, black eschar
Venous: ankles, irregular, edema, blood return problem
Stress & Coping
Q: Stressors?
A: External influence disrupting homeostasis
Q: Sympathetic nervous system?
A: Fight or flight; releases epinephrine
Q: Types of stressors?
A: Biogenic (caffeine, extreme temps), psychosocial (fear of heights)
Q: Stress classifications?
A: Acute, sequential, chronic intermittent, chronic permanent
Q: Coping strategies?
A: Problem-focused, emotion-focused, avoidance, approach, meaning-
focused
