AQA AS PSYCHOLOGY 7181 2 PAPER 2
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION EXAMS 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED
PASS
◉ Science. Answer: The means of acquiring knowledge through
systematic and objective investigation
◉ Introspection by Wundt. Answer: A systematic method used to
study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic
structures of thoughts, images and sensations
◉ Emergence of psychology. Answer: Watson questioned the
subjectiveness of introspection - variety between person to person
made it hard to establish general principles
◉ Behaviourist approach. Answer: A way of explaining behaviour in
terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
◉ Classical conditioning. Answer: Learning by association
◉ Operant conditioning. Answer: Learning where behaviour is
shaped and maintained by consequences
,◉ Reinforcement. Answer: A consequence of behaviour that
increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated
◉ Assumptions of behaviourist approach. Answer: - assumes
everything about human behaviour is learnt through experience
(classical or operant conditioning)
- relies on lab experiments
- animals have same basic processes that govern learning and so can
be replaced as experimental subjects
◉ Pavlov's research. Answer: Pavlov presented a bell (NS) with food
(UCS), which caused the dog to salivate (UCR). Eventually, the dog
associated the sound of the bell and food so the sound of the bell
(CS) would cause the dog to salivate (CR) - demonatrating the
learning of innate reflex behaviours in animals
◉ Skinner's research. Answer: He suggested that learning is an
active process whereby humans and animals operate on their
environment eg, the skinner box
◉ Positive reinforcement. Answer: Rewards when a certain
desirable behaviour is performed
,◉ Negative reinforcement. Answer: When an animal or human
avoids something unpleasant
◉ Punishment. Answer: An unpleasant consequence of behaviour
◉ Behaviourist approach - limit. Answer: Doesn't take into account
any biological aspects and so is deterministic
◉ Behaviourist approach - application. Answer: Treatment to
phobias through systematic desensitisation through classical
conditioning
◉ Behaviourist approach - research support. Answer: Influential in
the development of psychology as a scientific discipline
◉ Social learning theory. Answer: A way of explaining behaviour
that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement
◉ Imitation. Answer: Copying the behaviour of others
◉ Identification. Answer: When as observer associates themselves
with a role model and wants to be like the role model
◉ Modelling. Answer: Imitating the behaviour of a role model
, ◉ Vicarious reinforcement. Answer: Reinforcement that is not
directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else
being reinforced for a behaviour
◉ Mediational processes. Answer: Cognitive factors that influence
learning and come between stimulus and response
◉ Assumptions of social learning theory. Answer: - learning occurs
through observation and imitation of others in a social context
- learning occurs directly and indirectly
◉ Role of mediational processes identified by Bandura. Answer: 1.
Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor reproduction
4. Motivation
◉ Social learning theory - limit. Answer: Underestimates the
influence of biological factors - boys were found to be more
aggressive
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION EXAMS 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED
PASS
◉ Science. Answer: The means of acquiring knowledge through
systematic and objective investigation
◉ Introspection by Wundt. Answer: A systematic method used to
study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic
structures of thoughts, images and sensations
◉ Emergence of psychology. Answer: Watson questioned the
subjectiveness of introspection - variety between person to person
made it hard to establish general principles
◉ Behaviourist approach. Answer: A way of explaining behaviour in
terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
◉ Classical conditioning. Answer: Learning by association
◉ Operant conditioning. Answer: Learning where behaviour is
shaped and maintained by consequences
,◉ Reinforcement. Answer: A consequence of behaviour that
increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated
◉ Assumptions of behaviourist approach. Answer: - assumes
everything about human behaviour is learnt through experience
(classical or operant conditioning)
- relies on lab experiments
- animals have same basic processes that govern learning and so can
be replaced as experimental subjects
◉ Pavlov's research. Answer: Pavlov presented a bell (NS) with food
(UCS), which caused the dog to salivate (UCR). Eventually, the dog
associated the sound of the bell and food so the sound of the bell
(CS) would cause the dog to salivate (CR) - demonatrating the
learning of innate reflex behaviours in animals
◉ Skinner's research. Answer: He suggested that learning is an
active process whereby humans and animals operate on their
environment eg, the skinner box
◉ Positive reinforcement. Answer: Rewards when a certain
desirable behaviour is performed
,◉ Negative reinforcement. Answer: When an animal or human
avoids something unpleasant
◉ Punishment. Answer: An unpleasant consequence of behaviour
◉ Behaviourist approach - limit. Answer: Doesn't take into account
any biological aspects and so is deterministic
◉ Behaviourist approach - application. Answer: Treatment to
phobias through systematic desensitisation through classical
conditioning
◉ Behaviourist approach - research support. Answer: Influential in
the development of psychology as a scientific discipline
◉ Social learning theory. Answer: A way of explaining behaviour
that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement
◉ Imitation. Answer: Copying the behaviour of others
◉ Identification. Answer: When as observer associates themselves
with a role model and wants to be like the role model
◉ Modelling. Answer: Imitating the behaviour of a role model
, ◉ Vicarious reinforcement. Answer: Reinforcement that is not
directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else
being reinforced for a behaviour
◉ Mediational processes. Answer: Cognitive factors that influence
learning and come between stimulus and response
◉ Assumptions of social learning theory. Answer: - learning occurs
through observation and imitation of others in a social context
- learning occurs directly and indirectly
◉ Role of mediational processes identified by Bandura. Answer: 1.
Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor reproduction
4. Motivation
◉ Social learning theory - limit. Answer: Underestimates the
influence of biological factors - boys were found to be more
aggressive
