AQA AS PSYCHOLOGY 7181 2 PAPER 2 EXAM
PREP 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Classical conditioning. Answer: suggests learning happens via
association involves a person or animal learning to associate a reflex
response with a new stimulus
◉ Spontaneous recovery. Answer: conditioned response
disappeared suddenly appears
◉ Generalisation. Answer: conditioned response produced when a
similar stimulus is presented eg changed tone of bell
◉ Discrimination. Answer: conditioned response only produced
when a specific stimulus is presented
◉ Pavlov's Dogs. Answer: First experiment that created and
demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning giving food and
ringing bell dog salivated
◉ Watson and Rayner. Answer: Aim- see emotional response of fear
could be conditioned in human
,Method- Albert 11 months old liked white lab rat when reached for
it bar was hit with hammer Albert cried
Result- when rat presented again tried to get away and screamed
and scared of santa mask
Conc- fear responses can be conditioned and learnt through classical
conditioning in children
Eval- ethical issues trauma
◉ Operant conditioning. Answer: Learning because of consequences
of behaviour
◉ Positive reinforcement. Answer: Showing desired behaviour gains
a reward so it will be repeated
◉ Negative reinforcement. Answer: Something negative taken away
because desired behaviour produced, likely to repeat behaviour, eg
detention taken away for handing in homework
◉ Punishment. Answer: Stimulus that weakens behaviour, pleasant
thing taken away or something unpleasant added because of
undesired behaviour
◉ Thorndike. Answer: Placed cat in puzzle box string hanging from
roof if cat pulled box would open, consequence cat escaping, 20
trials got faster, pleasant exit and food outside encouraged
, Eval- animal ethical issues can't generalise to humans, no consent,
stress
◉ Law of effect. Answer: Behaviours that are rewarded are repeated
and punished avoided
◉ Behaviour shaping. Answer: Changing behaviour in small steps
◉ Skinner. Answer: Rat food electric field lever pulled. Positive
reinforcement getting food, negative reinforcement getting rid of
electric field
◉ Fear. Answer: An unpleasant emotion caused by pain, danger,
harm
◉ Phobia. Answer: Irrational fear
◉ Flooding. Answer: Treatment for phobia. Phobic starts at deep
end being exposed to stimulus ethical issue unable to leave room
stressful
◉ Systematic desensitisation. Answer: Treatment for phobia. Phobic
relaxed when exposed to fear less ethical issues and have right to
withdraw. Phobic systematically gradually exposed to conquer
PREP 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Classical conditioning. Answer: suggests learning happens via
association involves a person or animal learning to associate a reflex
response with a new stimulus
◉ Spontaneous recovery. Answer: conditioned response
disappeared suddenly appears
◉ Generalisation. Answer: conditioned response produced when a
similar stimulus is presented eg changed tone of bell
◉ Discrimination. Answer: conditioned response only produced
when a specific stimulus is presented
◉ Pavlov's Dogs. Answer: First experiment that created and
demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning giving food and
ringing bell dog salivated
◉ Watson and Rayner. Answer: Aim- see emotional response of fear
could be conditioned in human
,Method- Albert 11 months old liked white lab rat when reached for
it bar was hit with hammer Albert cried
Result- when rat presented again tried to get away and screamed
and scared of santa mask
Conc- fear responses can be conditioned and learnt through classical
conditioning in children
Eval- ethical issues trauma
◉ Operant conditioning. Answer: Learning because of consequences
of behaviour
◉ Positive reinforcement. Answer: Showing desired behaviour gains
a reward so it will be repeated
◉ Negative reinforcement. Answer: Something negative taken away
because desired behaviour produced, likely to repeat behaviour, eg
detention taken away for handing in homework
◉ Punishment. Answer: Stimulus that weakens behaviour, pleasant
thing taken away or something unpleasant added because of
undesired behaviour
◉ Thorndike. Answer: Placed cat in puzzle box string hanging from
roof if cat pulled box would open, consequence cat escaping, 20
trials got faster, pleasant exit and food outside encouraged
, Eval- animal ethical issues can't generalise to humans, no consent,
stress
◉ Law of effect. Answer: Behaviours that are rewarded are repeated
and punished avoided
◉ Behaviour shaping. Answer: Changing behaviour in small steps
◉ Skinner. Answer: Rat food electric field lever pulled. Positive
reinforcement getting food, negative reinforcement getting rid of
electric field
◉ Fear. Answer: An unpleasant emotion caused by pain, danger,
harm
◉ Phobia. Answer: Irrational fear
◉ Flooding. Answer: Treatment for phobia. Phobic starts at deep
end being exposed to stimulus ethical issue unable to leave room
stressful
◉ Systematic desensitisation. Answer: Treatment for phobia. Phobic
relaxed when exposed to fear less ethical issues and have right to
withdraw. Phobic systematically gradually exposed to conquer
