NUR 521 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
EXAM 2 BLUEPRINT AND STUDY GUIDE |
LATEST 2026 | QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS:
o WELL VERIFIED Qs & ANSWERS
o LATEST 2026/2027 UPDATES
o 100% VERIFIED RATIONALES
o INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD
o 100% PASS GUARANTEED
, About This Guide
This guide is designed to help you focus your study efforts for Exam 2 in NUR 521
Advanced Pharmacology at the University of Alabama. Exam 2 typically
covers cardiovascular and renal pharmacology, including:
• Hemodynamics and circulatory system regulation
• Diuretics (loop, thiazide, potassium-sparing)
• Antihypertensive drugs
• Anticoagulants and antiplatelets
• Heart failure medications
• Lipid-lowering agents (statins, etc.)
Part 1: Hemodynamics and Circulatory System
Key Definitions
Term Definition
The study of the movement of blood throughout the circulatory system, along
Hemodynamics
the regulatory mechanisms and driving forces involved
Cardiac Output
Heart Rate × Stroke Volume (HR × SV)
(CO)
Arterial Pressure
Peripheral Resistance × Cardiac Output (PR × CO)
(AP)
Blood Vessel Characteristics
Vessel
Characteristics
Type
, Vessel
Characteristics
Type
Arteries Muscular, do not stretch easily; large increase in pressure causes small increase in diame
Less muscular, stretch 6-10x more than arteries; small increase in pressure causes large i
Veins
in diameter and venous volume
Primary Functions of the Circulatory System
1. Deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and other essentials to cells
2. Remove carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from cells (also helps fight
infection)
Factors Determining Stroke Volume
Factor Definition Effect
Myocardial Increased contractility
Force with which ventricles contract
Contractility increases SV
Tension or stretch applied to muscle BEFORE Increased preload incr
Preload
contraction SV
Increased afterload de
Afterload Load muscle must overcome to contract
SV
Starling Law of the Heart
The force of ventricular contraction is proportional to muscle fiber length. As fiber
length (ventricular diameter) increases, contractile force increases proportionally .
EXAM 2 BLUEPRINT AND STUDY GUIDE |
LATEST 2026 | QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS:
o WELL VERIFIED Qs & ANSWERS
o LATEST 2026/2027 UPDATES
o 100% VERIFIED RATIONALES
o INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD
o 100% PASS GUARANTEED
, About This Guide
This guide is designed to help you focus your study efforts for Exam 2 in NUR 521
Advanced Pharmacology at the University of Alabama. Exam 2 typically
covers cardiovascular and renal pharmacology, including:
• Hemodynamics and circulatory system regulation
• Diuretics (loop, thiazide, potassium-sparing)
• Antihypertensive drugs
• Anticoagulants and antiplatelets
• Heart failure medications
• Lipid-lowering agents (statins, etc.)
Part 1: Hemodynamics and Circulatory System
Key Definitions
Term Definition
The study of the movement of blood throughout the circulatory system, along
Hemodynamics
the regulatory mechanisms and driving forces involved
Cardiac Output
Heart Rate × Stroke Volume (HR × SV)
(CO)
Arterial Pressure
Peripheral Resistance × Cardiac Output (PR × CO)
(AP)
Blood Vessel Characteristics
Vessel
Characteristics
Type
, Vessel
Characteristics
Type
Arteries Muscular, do not stretch easily; large increase in pressure causes small increase in diame
Less muscular, stretch 6-10x more than arteries; small increase in pressure causes large i
Veins
in diameter and venous volume
Primary Functions of the Circulatory System
1. Deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and other essentials to cells
2. Remove carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from cells (also helps fight
infection)
Factors Determining Stroke Volume
Factor Definition Effect
Myocardial Increased contractility
Force with which ventricles contract
Contractility increases SV
Tension or stretch applied to muscle BEFORE Increased preload incr
Preload
contraction SV
Increased afterload de
Afterload Load muscle must overcome to contract
SV
Starling Law of the Heart
The force of ventricular contraction is proportional to muscle fiber length. As fiber
length (ventricular diameter) increases, contractile force increases proportionally .
