PPN 202 - WEEK 11 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PPN 202 - WEEK 11 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Patient Safety Concerns in Canada - Answers - Med errors affect approx. 1 in 18 hospital stays in Canada, leading to adverse events and pt harm - Approx. 8-12% of hospitalized pts in Canada acquire at least one nosocomial infection during their stay (HAI) What is Accreditation Canada? - Answers A national, non-profit, independent organization whose role is to help health services organizations across Canada and internationally examine and improve the quality of care and service they provide to their clients Adverse Events - Answers Harmful, negative outcomes that happen when a pt has been provided with medical care - Adverse events and incidences remain high within healthcare Contributing Factors to Adverse Events - Answers - HCPs attitudes about safety - Ineffective communication - Poor interprofessional teamwork - Unclear role and responsibilities - Workflow Surgical Safety Checklist/SSC (WHO, 2008) - Answers An evidence-based measurement to: - Improve interprofessional communication/interaction - Reduce medical errors - Increase pt safety in OR How is the Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) used? - Answers 3 critical points: 1) Prior to induction of anaesthesia (briefing) 2) Immediately prior to incision (time-out) 3) Prior to the pt leaving the OR (debriefing) - Checklist affected pt safety by improving teamwork, communication, and collaboration between the 3 main professionals in the OR What is the Purpose of the Study done in Article #1 by Ziman et al., 2018? - Answers - To gain insight into the use of the SSC, safety culture, value systems and patterns of clinical behavior in orthopaedic surgery - Explore implementation and practice issues associated with the introduction and ongoing use of the SSC within the OR Study Findings from Article #1 (Ziman et al., 2018) - Answers - The briefing is the most important part of checklist however staff surgeon was mostly absent - Need for anaesthesiologist and surgeon to be present at all briefing - Some staff not paying attention - MOST important things covered: ID of correct pt, operation site, correct procedure, prophylactic antibiotics, allergies - Time-out was led by surgical fellow/resident - Very brief - confirming side, site, and antibiotics - Sometimes this was not done or forgotten - Time-out sometimes done due to scrub nurse "cueing" the surgeon before handing him the blade The Debrief Session (Ziman et al., 2018) - Answers - Perceived unimportant among participants - Was poorly done and often skipped - Participants described it more of an "after thought" - From a surgical perspective, extra time for debrief could be seen as deterrent to surgeons who are paid per case - Anaesthesia thought that debriefs were poorly times - Suggestion to have debrief with handover in PACU seems to be more favorable Conclusion of Article #1 (Ziman et al., 2018) - Answers - Checklist compliance was influenced by perceived (un)importance by nurses, surgeons and anaesthesia (all OR team) - Need to further explore pt involvement in their operative experience - Study found that pts had little to no involvement in the pre-op briefing despite their specified role on the checklist - Differences in HCPs responsibilities and renumeration (pay) affected OR team members' availability and presence during the SSC - Medical staff often being absent during the checklist items or unable to listen d/t competing responsibilities What is Article #2 by Popescu et al., 2022 about? - Answers Patient safety - measuring and improving it in Canada Patient Safety (Popescu et al., 2022) - Answers - Systems in place to support incident reporting - Complementary efforts to advance reporting and learning - Contextual factors influence the ability to improve safety, learn and report - The WHO's Global Patient Safety Action Plan includes pt safety incident reporting - Pts safety incidents are the third leading cause of death in Canada, after cancer and heart disease Main Objective of Patient Safety (Popescu et al., 2022) - Answers Ensure a constant flow of info and knowledge to drive the mitigation of risk, a reduction in levels of avoidable harm, and improvements in the safety of care Reported for Learning (Popescu et al., 2022) - Answers Reporting alone cannot improve pt safety; it should be integrated with other elements of safety such as: - Anticipation - Preparedness - Resilience - Reliability - Culture - Engagement of all people - Info regarding hazards, risks and incidents from pts and families that are able to identify pt safety issues Safety in Hospitals (Popescu et al., 2022) - Answers The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) works closely with: - Governments - Safety organizations - Data providers - Policy and decision makers - Clinicians - Researchers - The public Surveillance (Popescu et al., 2022) - Answers - HAIs including those caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms (AROs) are threats to pt safety - Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) facilitate and inform the prevention, control and reduction of HAIs and AROs in Canadian acute care hospitals through acute surveillance and reporting - The Canada Vigilance Program (CVP) is Health Canada's surveillance program that collects and assesses reports of suspected adverse rxn or side effects from health professionals involving drugs, natural products, and medical devices Indigenous Services Canada (Popescu et al., 2022) - Answers Indigenous Services Canada (ISC) works with First Nations, Inuit and Metis communities to establish national standards for: - Safe - Quality care and services - Policies and processes - Tools and training modules - Supporting reporting - Tracking and analyzing pt safety incidents Conclusion of Article #2 by Popescu et al., 2022 - Answers Canada is doing a lot to address pt safety such as: - Collecting data - Coordinating measuring and reporting - Sharing learnings internally and externally - Implementing actions for improvement - Much more needs to be done - Keeping a constant focus on improving by learning from safety reporting and beyond is necessary