NR576/NR 576 FINAL EXAM
LATEST 2026-2027 WITH
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED
ANSWERS/ALREADY
GRADED A+
Most common surgical emergency of the abdomen
Hollow tube - most common cause is obstruction of appendix
Fecaltih - hard lump of fecal matter
Undigested seeds
Pinworm infections
Lymphoid follicle growth/lymphoid hyperplasia Symptoms
4. Symptoms
Nausea/vomiting
RLQ pain
Guarding
Acute pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Sudden inflammation and hemorrhaging of the
pancreas due to destruction by its own digestive enzymes
1. Autodigestion
Most of the time mild, but can be severe
,Pancreas
Long skinny gland, length of dollar bill
Located in upper abdomen
Behind the stomach
Endocrine
Alpha/beta cells produce insulin & glucagon that are secreted into the blood stream
Exocrine
Leading causes:
ETOH abuse
Gallstones
Other Causes of acute pancreatitis
1. I Get Smashed
I - idoipathic
G- gallstones
E- ETOH abuse
T - trauma
S - steroids
M - mumps virus
A - autoimmune diseases
S - scorpion stings
H - hypertriglyceridemia & hypercalcemia
E - ERCP
D - drugs
Symptoms
Nausea
Vomiting
, Hypocalcemia
Cullen's sign - bruising around umbilicus
Grey-Turner's Sign - Bruising along flank
Necrosis induced hemorrhaging spreads
Acute cholecystitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of gallbladder (GB)
Usually due to gallstone in cystic duct
1. Cystic duct - leaves gall bladder & connects to common bile duct
Symptoms
Patient will have mid-epigastric pain
Because GB is still squeezing, increasing pressure w/ nowhere for bile to go
Can lead to nausea/vomting
Stone can get more stuck w/ more squeezing
Bile starts to irritate mucosa
Mucosa starts to produce mucous and inflamm enzymes
Leads to inflammation, distention, pressure build up
Bacterial growth (E. coli, enterococci, bacteroides fragilis, colstriduim)
As GB "balloons", pain shifts to RUQ, R scapula/shoulder
Bacteria invades in & through GB wall, into peritoneum, causing peritonitis
Rebound tenderness
Murphy's Sign = Put pressure on right side under ribs. This will hold GB in place. Have patient
take a deep breath. The diaphragm will push on the GB & a painful response = Cholecystitis
Immune response
Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Fever
LATEST 2026-2027 WITH
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED
ANSWERS/ALREADY
GRADED A+
Most common surgical emergency of the abdomen
Hollow tube - most common cause is obstruction of appendix
Fecaltih - hard lump of fecal matter
Undigested seeds
Pinworm infections
Lymphoid follicle growth/lymphoid hyperplasia Symptoms
4. Symptoms
Nausea/vomiting
RLQ pain
Guarding
Acute pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Sudden inflammation and hemorrhaging of the
pancreas due to destruction by its own digestive enzymes
1. Autodigestion
Most of the time mild, but can be severe
,Pancreas
Long skinny gland, length of dollar bill
Located in upper abdomen
Behind the stomach
Endocrine
Alpha/beta cells produce insulin & glucagon that are secreted into the blood stream
Exocrine
Leading causes:
ETOH abuse
Gallstones
Other Causes of acute pancreatitis
1. I Get Smashed
I - idoipathic
G- gallstones
E- ETOH abuse
T - trauma
S - steroids
M - mumps virus
A - autoimmune diseases
S - scorpion stings
H - hypertriglyceridemia & hypercalcemia
E - ERCP
D - drugs
Symptoms
Nausea
Vomiting
, Hypocalcemia
Cullen's sign - bruising around umbilicus
Grey-Turner's Sign - Bruising along flank
Necrosis induced hemorrhaging spreads
Acute cholecystitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of gallbladder (GB)
Usually due to gallstone in cystic duct
1. Cystic duct - leaves gall bladder & connects to common bile duct
Symptoms
Patient will have mid-epigastric pain
Because GB is still squeezing, increasing pressure w/ nowhere for bile to go
Can lead to nausea/vomting
Stone can get more stuck w/ more squeezing
Bile starts to irritate mucosa
Mucosa starts to produce mucous and inflamm enzymes
Leads to inflammation, distention, pressure build up
Bacterial growth (E. coli, enterococci, bacteroides fragilis, colstriduim)
As GB "balloons", pain shifts to RUQ, R scapula/shoulder
Bacteria invades in & through GB wall, into peritoneum, causing peritonitis
Rebound tenderness
Murphy's Sign = Put pressure on right side under ribs. This will hold GB in place. Have patient
take a deep breath. The diaphragm will push on the GB & a painful response = Cholecystitis
Immune response
Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Fever
