CLPE PREP EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

CLPE PREP EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 What sequence of latent print development techniques are used to develop prints from porous materials? - Answers DFO, Ninhydrin, Physical Developer The final purple coloured compound usually produced with the treatment of Ninhydrin is called: - Answers Ruhemann's Purple What latent print development technique is used to process nonporous materials that are wet? - Answers Small Particle Reagent A dye which stains protein present in blood to give a blue-black product. - Answers Amido Black The following types of fingerprints will fluoresce under appropriate illumination: - Answers Natural latent fingerprints & some types of contamination arising from the environment and subsequently deposited in fingerprints. May be one of the first processes used in a sequence of a fingerprint examination. - Answers Fluorescence Examination Gentian Violet is a dye which stains fatty constituents of sebaceous sweat producing an intense purple image. It is very effective for the development of latent fingerprints on: - Answers Adhesive surface of adhesive tapes. Alternative process name(s) for Gentian Violet: - Answers Crystal Violet & Methyl Violet Alternative process name for Amido Black: - Answers Naphthalene Black Iodine vapour is physically absorbed by latent fingerprint deposits and often fades unless fixed. What color image is formed using iodine vapour? - Answers Brown Gentian Violet can interfere with the forensic examination for: - Answers Handwriting, Body Fluids, and Ink Ninhydrin is a general purpose fingerprint reagent for paper and some other porous surfaces. What component of a fingerprint deposit does it react with? - Answers Amino Acids How long does it generally take for ninhydrin treated prints to naturally, fully develop? - Answers Several Weeks The development of Ninhydrin treated prints may be accelerated with the use of: - Answers Heating and Humidification Ninhydrin which uses a Freon solvent virtually eliminates the following problem when processing porous materials for latent prints: - Answers Ink Running Ninhydrin may be applied using the following methods: - Answers Dipping, Brushing, and Spraying Physical Developer (PD) is what kind of aqueous reagent? - Answers Silver-based Physical Developer reacts with components of sebaceous sweat to form what colored deposit? - Answers Grey-silver Physical Developer is a very effective reagent for developing latent fingerprints on paper which has been: - Answers Wetted This latent print development technique can be effective on non-porous surfaces: - Answers Not Physical Developer, Ninhydrin, or DFO These flake powders have been shown to be more sensitive than most other types of powders: - Answers Aluminum Which latent print development technique was replaced by Ninhydrin/Physical Developer commination for treating porous materials for latent prints? - Answers Silver Nitrate Silver Nitrate reacts with what component present in fingerprint deposits? - Answers Chlorides Small Particle Reagent (SPR) is a latent print development technique that may be used on all non-porous surfaces including those which are: - Answers Wet What does Small Particle Reagent adhere to in the fingerprint deposit? - Answers Fats Small Particle Reagent is comprised of what fine particles? - Answers Molybdenum Disulphide Small Particle Reagent forms what color deposit? - Answers Grey The best latent print development technique for use on non-porous surfaces which are contaminated with grease, foodstuffs, or dried deposits of soft drinks: - Answers Sudan Black An alternative process name for superglue is: - Answers Cyanoacrylate Superglue polmerises on some latent fingerprints to produce what colored deposit? - Answers White Superglue is though to react primarily with what component in the latent print deposit? - Answers Water Superglue is most suitable for what kinds of surfaces? - Answers Non-porous Vacuum Metal Deposition utilizes vacuum-coating technology for the evaporation of metals and the deposition of thin metal films. Thin layers of what metal is used for this process? - Answers Gold and Zinc Vacuum Metal Deposition is particularly suitable on what surfaces: - Answers Polythene Plastic This fingerprint development technique reacts more intensely with older fingerprints thereby making it possible to determine the relative age of a latent print: - Answers It is impossible to determine the age of a fingerprint by observation of it's reaction with a fingerprint detection process. Employed in the Central Police Department, La Plata, Argentina and installed the French Bertillon Anthropometric Identification System. - Answers Vucetich In 1893 operated office that solved the Rojas murder by use of fingerprints. - Answers Vucetich A fingerprint classification without whorls would be: - Answers 1/1 A fingerprint classification with all whorls would be: - Answers 32/32 The initial suggestion associating the identification of fingerprints found at crime scenes with finger impressions in a collection is credited to: - Answers Dr. Henry Faulds Credited for his practical interest in fingerprints in India as a means of identifying workers to ensure that payment of wages was not duplicated: - Answers Sir Edward Henry The first person to confirm ridge permanency was: - Answers Sir William Herschel This person is known as the "Father of Canadian Fingerprinting": - Answers Edward Foster The first American fingerprint lecturer was: - Answers Mary Holland The use of magnetic fingerprint was first reported by: - Answers H. MacDonald Iodine is applied by which method: - Answers Fuming Gun Method, Fuming Cabinet Method, and Solution Method In 1982 the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory in Japan introduced which novel procedure for processing evidence for latent prints? - Answers Superglue In order to accelerate the development of superglued prints what is commonly used: - Answers Portable Heater, Hair Dryer, and Alcohol Lamp Reacts with the amino acids in the fingerprint deposit: - Answers Ninhydrin Freon 113 (trichlorotirfluoroethane) is a solvent that been used to produce: - Answers Ninhydrin An alternative name for "1,8-diazafluoren-9-one" is: - Answers DFO Who reported the use of DFO for the fluorescent detection of latent prints on paper? - Answers Pounds Ninhydrin solutions may be applied by: - Answers Spraying, Swabbing, and Dipping A photographic process that is based on the formation of silver and a ferrous/ferric redox couple and the deposition of metal salts onto a fingerprint image: - Answers Physical Developer These Reagents have been reported to work very successfully in the enhancement of bloody fingerprints: - Answers Coomassie Blue & Amido Black This method(s) has been suggested for the visualization and recovery of latent fingerprints on human skin: - Answers Magnetic Powder & Iodine-silver Plate Transfer This light source(s) have been utilized in the development of latent prints and have produced better latent print images than regular room light: - Answers UV Light Sources, Lasers, and Xenon Arc Lamps The "Luma-lite" and "Polilight" are: - Answers Alternate Light Sources The uses of this solvent in the preparation of Ninhydrin prevents ink runage on paper documents. - Answers Freon 113 This is known as the latent print examiner's "chemical workhouse" for the treatment of porous materials for latent prints: - Answers Ninhydrin This process(s) can lead to a significant increase in the quality and contrast of ridge detail revealed when used in conjunction with Ninhydrin: - Answers Heat and Humidity Fading is a common phenomenon for prints developed with: - Answers Ninhydrin Ninhydrin has been known to develop ____ old prints. - Answers 30-35 year The human eye can generally detect no more than ____ various shades of gray. - Answers 16-32 The FBI Identification Division was established in 1924 when the records of the National Bureau of Criminal Investigation and the Leavenworth Penitentiary Bureau were consolidated in Washington D.C. The original collection of ____ has expanded into many millions. - Answers 810,000 Type lines may be defined as the two innermost ridges which start parallel, diverge, and surround or tend to surround ____. - Answers The pattern area. The delta is that point on a ridge at or in front of the nearest the center of the divergence of ____. - Answers the type lines. A delta may be ____. - Answers a dot, a bifurcation, or an abrupt ending ridge. The core of a loop is placed upon or within ____. - Answers the innermost sufficient recurve. The essentials of a loop are: - Answers a sufficient recurve, a delta, and a ridge count across a looping ridge. Loops that flow in the direction of the ulna bone (toward the little finger) are called: - Answers ulnar loops Loops that flow in the direction of the radius bone are called: - Answers radial loops The double loop consists of two separate loop formation, with two separate and distinct shoulders and two ____. - Answers deltas A tenprint card with a primary classification of 32/32 means that all of the print are: - Answers whorls The classification formula may be composed of the following divisions: - Answers primary, secondary, subsecondary, major, final, key NCIC stand for - Answers National Crime Information Center Based on NCIC classification an actual ridge count plus "50" represents what kind of fingerprint pattern? - Answers radial loop The NCIC code for tented arch is: - Answers TT The NCIC code for missing/amputated fingers is: - Answers XX When fingerprinting the dead and rigor mortis (stiffening of the muscles) has set in and the fingers are tightly clenched, the fingers may be: - Answers forcible straightened by "breaking the rigor" This person is credited with being the first European to recognize the value of friction ridge prints and to actually use them for identification purposes: - Answers Sir William Herschel The first truly scientific method of criminal identification (of which we are aware) was devised by: - Answers Alphonse Bertillion "Anthropometry" is an identification system also known as ____. - Answers Bertillonage This person significantly helped advance the field of fingerprint identification in South America while employed at the Central Police Department at La Plata, Argentina: - Answers Juan Vucetich In 1896 this country became the first country in the world to abolish the anthropometry system: - Answers Argentina A professor at the University of Bologna, Italy, this person published the results of his examination of friction skin with the newly invented microscope: - Answers Nehemiah Grew This person was the first to describe the repetitiveness and similarities of friction ridge patterns in the same breath with the recognition that specific friction arrangements are never duplicated: - Answers Johannes Purkinje Pore ducts open along the top of friction ridge. They appear to be evenly spaced along the ridge. The appearance of even spacing is due to the fact that friction ridges are constructed of ____. - Answers ridge units Immature ridge formations that develop in the same manner as normal ridges: - Answers incipient ridges Eccrine sweat contains approximately ____ water. - Answers 99% The solids of eccrine sweat are half inorganic salts and half organic compounds. The salt is mostly sodium chloride while the organic compounds include: - Answers urea, amino acids, and peptides Incipient ridges are also called ____ridges. - Answers rudimentary, subsidiary, and nascent "Imbrication" is a feature where friction ridges all tend to: - Answers Lean in the same direction The epidermis is the ____ layer of the friction skin. - Answers outer In the volar areas the epidermis is made up of several layers of skin cells. These various layers are sometimes divided into two groups. The inner layer of cells is the stratum ____ (also called the stratum mucosum), and the outer layer is the stratum ____. - Answers malpighii, corneum The deepest layer of cells next to the dermis is called the: - Answers basal layer The inner layer of friction skin is called the: - Answers dermis The surface of the dermis is covered with blunt peg-like formations called: - Answers dermal papillae Injury or disease that penetrates the skin to the dermal papillae level can damage the epidermal ____ layer infrastructure. - Answers basal The first noticeable development of friction skin on the volar surfaces takes place at about ____ weeks gestation. - Answers 6 A triradius is called a ____ in most classification systems. - Answers delta The study of the effects of disease and genetic aberrations on the friction ridges is referred to as: - Answers dermatoglyhics The comparison of relative pore locations is called ____. - Answers Poroscopy There are instances when ridge units are present but do not fuse together to form friction ridges. This aberration may affect all of the volar surfaces or just a small part. This condition, known to be inherited, is called ____. - Answers Dysplasia Intrinsic ridge shapes and relative pore locations are designated as ____. - Answers 3rd Level Ridge Detail Friction ridge identification is established through the agreement of friction ridge formations, in sequence, having sufficient uniqueness to individualize. "Sequence" means that all areas of the print must be joined directly, or if physically separated, undergo careful analysis where the opinion of the expert is that sequence is maintained over the separation. When sequence is maintained, the weight placed on each area of comparison is ____. - Answers accumulative The opinion of identification is ____. - Answers subjective The methodology of friction ridge identification is known as: - Answers ACE-V ACE-V stands for: - Answers analysis, comparison, evaluation, verification It is ____ to describe every discrepancy that may be encountered during the analysis of friction ridge prints. - Answers impossible Various substrates can cause distortion or interfere with the deposition of a print. For example, holding a round bottle in the hand allows the thumb and the palm area to wrap around the substrate. When lifted and put onto a flat surface the resulting print can appear as: - Answers a little finger and palm The matrix of a friction ridge print is the actual substance deposited by the friction ridges. This substance may be: - Answers sweat; foreign material such as grease, motor oil, paint, etc.; and sweat/foreign material combination Dirty substrates may not accept all of the matrix available during deposition. The resulting print can: - Answers appear blotchy; have areas missing; and lack detail Soft substrates permit the friction ridges to sink into their surfaces and: - Answers created molded impressions Prints deposited when the friction ridges are wet, usually with water or a fluid other than sweat, are commonly referred to as wet prints. The friction ridges tend to appear as a series of ____ before and after development. - Answers rounded units This development media can pile up in the nooks and crannies such as pore openings and fine ridge crevices in the matrix: - Answers fingerprint powders Deposition pressure generally changes the shape of the friction ridge by: - Answers flattening or broadening each ridge Pressure distortion is different from deposition distortion. While deposition pressure describes vertical weight being placed on the friction ridges, pressure distortion takes place: - Answers on the lateral or horizontal plane "Red flags" are deposition or pressure distortion indicators that: - Answers are warnings and warrant careful analysis. A ridge break may be caused by: - Answers a dip in the ridge at a pore opening; a failure in deposition of matrix; and/or dirt The intrinsic or innate ridge formations are all: - Answers 3rd level ridge detail When encountering friction ridge clusters, the anatomical aspects of the digits in the cluster assist with: - Answers digit determination Friction ridge comparison is a process where visual comparative measurements, and sometimes physical comparative measurements, are made between the latent and exemplar prints. The measurements are sequential, spatial, and configurative in nature. The comparison must: - Answers be completely objective. During the identification process the purpose of first level detail is: - Answers to narrow the number of possible donors Hale's islands ad branchings refers to major 2nd level ridge path deviations found on the friction ridges known as: - Answers islands and bifurcations When two bifurcations form on the same ridge facing each other and their branches join, the formation is called: - Answers an enclosure A ____ is when two bifurcations develop next to each other on the same ridge. - Answers a trifucation Friction ridges flow in concert. When a ridge ends the two adjacent ridgesL - Answers flow together to fill the void 3rd level ridge details - Answers have tremendous individualizing power Power quality prints that are not easy to compare fall into what may be described as a gray area. The size of a gray area and the number of prints that will fall into this area is dependent on examiner ____. - Answers training and experience; ability and skill; and/or knowledge Palmar flexion creases, when applied to the identification process, are alone: - Answers a suitable method for personal identification "Palmar flexion crease identification is established through the agreement of flexion creases in sequence having sufficient uniqueness to individualize." - Answers This is a simple phrase to describe the philosophy of palmar flexion crease identification. The method of palmar flexion crease identification: - Answers follows the ACE-V formula Comparison tests involving palmar flexion creases and their results have been performed and were reported in 1991 by: - Answers New Scotland yard In testifying to fingerprint identification, the expert often prepares charts to visually aid the court and jury in understanding the nature of his/her testimony. The preparation of the chart: - Answers is ultimately the sole responsibility of the expert using it. Any chart presented must be technically correct: that is the corresponding ridge characteristics in the two prints must be similarly numbered and indicated. - Answers Twelve ridge characteristics are ample to illustrate an identification, but it is neither claimed nor implied that this number is required. A chart will present a clearer, neater, and more pleasing appearance if it is numbered: - Answers clockwise and the numbers are evenly spaced. Edgeoscopy: - Answers has always been a part of friction ridge comparison, but its use as an independent identification science is not feasible; was originally coined by Salil K. Chatterjee in a paper published in "Finger Print and Identification Magazine", September 1962 issue; and involves the use of edge shapes during comparison and does not require the shape to be classified. One shape is compared to another and found to be consistent or not. Ridgeology can be defined as the study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification. The scientific knowledge supporting ridgeology has been extracted from various related sciences such as: - Answers genetics, anatomy and embryology Ridgeology was coined in 1983 by: - Answers David Ashbaugh Friction ridges begin to form on the human fetus during the ____ months of fetal life: - Answers 3rd and 4th When the skin is damaged to the extent that both the epidermis and the dermis are disturbed, a permanent scar may result with attendant alteration of the ridges involved. Scars: - Answers provide additional and valuable means of identification. About 60 percent of all fingerprint patterns are: - Answers loops About 35 percent of all fingerprint patterns are: - Answers whorls About 5 percent of all fingerprint patterns are: - Answers arches John Dillinger, the notorious criminal of the Great Depression, tried to remove his fingerprints with: - Answers acid There are ten spaces for individual rolled impressions on a fingerprint card, and if a whorl appears in either the right thumb or right index fingers space, the space is given a value of: - Answers 16 The left ring and left little fingers have a space value of: - Answers 1 The large cushion area at the base of the thumb is known as the: - Answers thenar The area or finger joint located adjacent to the palm: - Answers proximal phalangeal zone The size of fingerprint cards has been standardized at: - Answers 8-by-8 inches The most prominent error when taking fingerprints is: - Answers carelessness of the recorder taking the impressions. A photographic film exposure consists of four basic variables: - Answers subject light, camera lens aperture setting, camera shutter speed setting, and the speed of the selected film. By increasing the aperture size of the lens (diameter of the diaphragm) one f-stop, for example from f/11 to f/8, the amount of light transmitted through the lens is: - Answers doubled Each time the setting of the shutter is advanced to the next smaller fraction, for example from 1/50 to 1/100 second, the amount of time the shutter remains open and the amount of light reaching the film is: - Answers reduced by one-half A film which has an ASA film speed rating of 200 is ____ as fast as one with a rating of 50. - Answers 4 times When photographing latent fingerprints on a curved surface, ____ must be considered when computing exposure settings. - Answers depth of field A fuming cabinet is an environmental control chamber in which an object is exposed to high concentrations of fumes from a particular substance. The following latent print development technique(s) should always be used inside a fuming cabinet: - Answers physical developer, ninhydrin, and superglue Optimum development of ninhydrin-treated latent prints is obtained when the items processed are subjected to a post-processing environment of ____ percent relative humidity. - Answers 65-80 An investigator must know that when a latent is developed with powder, the evidence is going to wind up in a condition equally as good or better than when it was found. The way to predetermine the result of the attempt is to perform what is known as a ____ print on the same or similar surface at a point where it does not interfere with the latent evidence. - Answers test More latent prints are lost because of ____ and insufficient brushing than any other causes. - Answers excessive powder Thermoplastic powders must be applied to a surface with: - Answers an atomizer What is the proper sequence for latent print development on porous materials using the following methods: Ninhydrin, Iodine, Silver Nitrate - Answers 1. Iodine, 2. Ninhydrin, 3. Silver Nitrate Of all the solvents used for ninhydrin solutions, the following result in the greatest damage to inks: - Answers acetone, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol Of all the solvents used for ninhydrin solutions, the following result in the least damage to inks: - Answers Freon 113, ethyl ether, petroleum ether If kept for any length of time, silver nitrate solutions should be kept: - Answers in a well-stoppered dark-colored bottle or in a dark place. A satisfactory clearing solution for both ninhydrin and silver nitrate stains is: - Answers ordinary household bleach, i.e. Clorox One of the most dangerous chemical substances used in latent fingerprint work is: - Answers physical developer Prior to applying any chemical techniques for developing latent prints to suspected blood stains, the evidence should: - Answers be first examined by a serologist Leucomalachite green is a sensitive reagent which has been used for a considerable time by criminalists as a chemical test for: - Answers blood Luminol is a highly sensitive chemical test for ____ which produces a chemiluminescence of fifteen minutes duration or more. - Answers blood This is a latent print development technique that employs finely powdered lead to visually record latent print images: - Answers X-ray Photographing a latent print prior to lifting: - Answers preserves the latent image in the event of loss or destruction in the lifting process. Three types of lifting devices are commonly used to lift powdered latents: - Answers rubber lifters, lifting tape, hinge lifters Rubber lifters are not as commonly used as lifting tape and hinge lifters, but they are more versatile. Rubber lifters are particularly useful when lifting latent prints from: - Answers curved surfaces Fingerprint hinge lifters are sheets of .005 Mylar with special clear adhesive surfaces. The lifters are attached to their covers by a hinge on one side of the lifter. A thin plastic separator covers the adhesive side of the lifter and this separator is marked with removal instructions. When using the lifter, the separator is: - Answers removed and thrown away Lifts made with transparent tapes and lifters can be compared directly with inked impressions, whereas opaque lifters must be: - Answers reversed If two or more simultaneous fingerprints are developed in a group, the best procedure is to lift: - Answers the impressions as a group A latent print itself is not removable from a surface by the lifting process. The oils and moisture simply hold powders grains, which are in turn picked up by the adhesive tape. A powder and not the latent image is lifted. - Answers If the process is repeated, each lift becomes progressively weaker. Iodine developed latent prints can be accelerated by exposure to: - Answers sunlight Silicone rubber casting provides the best technique for accurately recording and permanently preserving: - Answers plastic fingerprint impressions Latent fingerprints on ____ are about the most difficult for an investigator to detect and develop. - Answers cloth The correct procedure to recover latent prints on dusty surfaces is: - Answers proper use of lighting and photography Latent prints etched in metal: - Answers cannot normally be developed further and must be photographed as they appear. The best technique for developing latent fingerprints on plastic is: - Answers magnetic powders This technique has been known to develop print impressions on human skin: - Answers iodine Charts are used to: - Answers demonstrate how an examiner arrived at a conclusion regarding the fingerprints. Normally, ninhydrin-developed latent prints should be photographed using a ____ filter and Kodak Tri-X film. - Answers green This is not a pattern area of the foot: - Answers tibilar pattern zone The medical phalangeal zone is: - Answers the second or middle joint of the finger These appear on all toes: - Answers arch, loop, and whorl patterns The Polaroid CU-5 is a: - Answers close up camera The Polilight is: - Answers an alternate light source This can be used to recover prints from dust: - Answers Electrostatic dust print lifter Bluhm and Lougheed (1968) found that ideal temperature-humidity conditions for preserving latent fingerprints on a nonporous surface is: - Answers 40-55 degrees This is a commonly used as a light source when searching for latent prints: - Answers Flashlight Sweat glands, or ____ glands, are found on almost all surface skin areas of the body with their greatest density on the palmar surfaces of the hands and the plantar surfaces of the feet. - Answers eurocrine Although this cannot be considered a practical latent fingerprint technique, a number of arson cases have been solved as a result of latent prints developed by: - Answers heat The primary source of oils and fats found in perspiration is ____, a secretion of the sebaceous glands. - Answers sebum The inorganic ____ of perspiration present in latent print residue are the substances that react chemically with silver nitrate in solution, forming silver chloride, which darkens upon exposure to light. - Answers salts The reaction between ____ and latent print residue is not considered a chemical reaction for it is absorbed by the residue. - Answers iodine When determining which latent print development technique to use in a particular instance, many factors may govern the selection, but the chemical composition of the latent print is ____ one of these factors. - Answers generally A group of synthetic and natural chemical compounds know as ____ may be used as fingerprint powders. - Answers phosphors Autoradiography is the highly specialized use of radioactive compounds or elements to develop and record latent fingerprints on surfaces such as ____. - Answers paper and fabrics Silicone rubber casting provides the best technique for accurately and permanently preserving ____ fingerprint impressions. - Answers plastic Generally ____ silver nitrate solutions are used in fingerprint work. - Answers 3% - 5% There are 2 ways to develop silver nitrate images: ____ or with ____. - Answers chemically, light Silver nitrate solution should be stored in a ____. - Answers dark colored bottle or dark place. ____ is a satisfactory clearing solution for both ninhydrin and silver nitrate. - Answers bleach The only effective laser procedure developed to date for the examination of skin is vapor staining with ____. - Answers rhodamine 6G RAM is short for _______. - Answers Rhodamine 6G, Ardrox, MDB This color filter on a magnifier helps to contrast with Ninhydrin. - Answers Green Filter What color filter on a magnifier helps to enhance fain prints? - Answers Yellow Filter At what age do volar pads finish developing on a fetus? - Answers 16 weeks In 1904, this scientist came up with a detailed theory of volar pads. - Answers Inez Whipple Who was the first expert witness in a Daubert hearing? - Answers Babler What is the best dilution of formaldehyde solution for capturing decedant prints? - Answers 10-15% formaldehyde solution The FBI identification division was established in what year? - Answers 1924 Who invented the magnetic brush in 1961? - Answers Herbert Macdonald Silver Nitrate works best when the evidence is what age? - Answers 1 week old What does Sudan Black adhere to on latent impressions? - Answers Sebaceous secretions What color does Iodine appear against the background? - Answers Yellow/Brown What are the main types of brushes used for powdering? - Answers FiberglassnFeathernHairnMagnetic How many primary classifications are there under the Henry classification system? - Answers 1024 In what year was the IAI founded? - Answers 1915 What is one of the oldest means for visualizing prints? - Answers Powder DFO requires this chemical to produce a reaction to amino acids. - Answers Methanol Who conducted an early scientific study of friction ridge skin? - Answers Galton During what stage of fetal development do the friction ridges begin to form (in months)? - Answers 3rd and 4th month Who authored the first book on friction ridge details? - Answers Galton A _____ was not an original feature of a fingerprint. - Answers Dot Who coined the term "edgeoscopy"? - Answers Chatterjee Black and white SPR aerosol sprays were introduced in what year and by what agency? - Answers 1992 by the Israeli National Police Papillae are on what layer of the the skin - Answers Dermis What is the best processing technique for sweat prints on raw wood? - Answers Ninhydrin Who argued that verification is part of the scientific process in the form of peer review? - Answers Ashbaugh In what year was the first cyanoacrylate fuming done in the USA? - Answers 1982 According to Ashbaugh, the opinion of identifications is ___________ - Answers Subjective T/F: Error rates as defined by the courts is a SWGFAST defined category. - Answers False. In photography, the ___________ is a complex algorithm involving spectral analysis of data. - Answers Fourier Transform Who wrote a paper saying that the absence of dissimilarities are more important than the presence of similarities? - Answers Bertillon Who made the first criminal identification? - Answers Vucetich What are the primary cells found in the epidermis? - Answers Keratinocytes Who was the first to suggest using ink in obtaining known fingerprints? - Answers Faulds In what year was powder first used for latent print visualization? - Answers 1891 In what year was fluorescence with UV light suggested? - Answers 1933 A digital camera uses ____ to record an image. - Answers CCD What color barrier filter is used for 445-515nm? - Answers Orange When did lasers first become available? - Answers Late 70's-80's When was friction ridge skin first used in the US as proof of identification? - Answers 1902 Who established the first systemic fingerprinting in the US in 1902 by using fingerprints as a form of ID for civil service applicants in New York? - Answers Henry P. deForest 1,2 indanedione can be absorbed at what frequency? - Answers 520nm Who was the first person to develop a probability model for fingerprint individuality? - Answers Galton What processing technique involves three treatments in sequence? - Answers Silver Physical Developer What fingerprint system uses 10 main fingerprint patterns? - Answers Battley Single-Fingerprint System What area of the foot is used in FBI footprint classification? - Answers Ball of the foot Ashbaugh introduced the three levels of detail in what year? - Answers 1999 Prior to ______, the FBI abandoned a set number of points needed for identification. - Answers 1958 SWGFAST recommends what for single print ID's as a result of AFIS hits? - Answers Blind verification Name the three types of proficiency tests. - Answers InternalnExternalnDouble Blind Who contributed cognitive and psychological elements of identification? - Answers Itel Dror A modified xenon arc lamp was used in Australia, and the "Quasar" was first used in the UK during what time period? - Answers Early 1980's SWGFAST recommends testimony review be done _____. - Answers Annually What was the first serious Daubert challenge? - Answers US v Mitchell What was the first legal appellate case that allowed admitting fingerprint evidence in US courts? - Answers People v Jennings ______ has the highest energy and shortest wavelength. - Answers Violet Who coined the term photography? - Answers Herschel