Page |1
NRS 412 Exam 1 Questions and Correct
Answers/ Latest Update / Already Graded
Public Health History
Ans: Middle ages: population density increased (we begin to
see the development of cities), there is evidence of poor
sanitation and increased incidence of communicable diseases.
The people during this time period used supernatural
explanations for physical and mental illnesses. The average
lifespan at this time was about 35 due to high infant and child
mortality.
1850: John snow use epidemiological (causality) principles to
halt a cholera epidemic in London, earning the title "father of
epidemiology". He conducted door to door 'shoe leather
epidemiological investigations'. At this time John snow was
attempting to improve living conditions and through his efforts
and he realized that people were getting sick through the use of
dirty water. This was a major turning point in health because it
became evident that illness was not caused by dirty air
(miasma). During this point in time mental health illness was
thought to be caused by demonic expression
1850 to WW2: sanitary methods are developed in order to
safeguard water. The pasteurization of milk begins.
Immunizations and antibiotics are being more readily used.
There is a growing focus on chronic disease, mental health, and
substance abuse. AIDS and other emerging infectious diseases
become evident. Presence of climate change, violence, poverty,
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |2
and bioterrorism become increasingly evident. People are living
longer. Families become smaller
21st century: public health to social determinants of health as
target for population level, not individual health. Policy and
environmental interventions are being enacted. Decreased
public health focus on trying to change behavior at the
individual level
Florence Nightingale
Ans: Used epidemiological statistics to document outcomes.
She found that medical interventions had unclear benefits while
nursing care designed to "put patient in the best condition for
nature to act upon him" resulted in a dramatic reduction in
morbidity/mortality in as hospitals through the use of hygiene,
nutrition, infection control, fresh air and light. Used prevention
and a systems approach to decrease high mortality rates for
infants, children, the poor, and those in the hospital.
Recognized that social physics was key to health (jobs,
environment, conditions, etc AKA social determi nants of
health)
Clara Barton
Ans: In US civil was, she founded the American Red Cross.
After the geneva convention (after WW2) this became an
international organization dedicated to provision of
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |3
humanitarian help for people affected by conflict a nd armed
violence, and to promote laws that help the victims of war
Lillian Wald
Ans: Ran the Henry Street Settlement which advocated for
social changes to improve health for immigrant population in
tenement slums of NYS, particularly children. Initiated school
nursing and school playgrounds. She is thought to be the
mother of public health Nursing
IOM: Future of Public Health Report
Ans: Public health is 'what we, as a society, do collectively to
assure the conditions in which people can be healthy'
Vision: "healthy people in healthy communities"
Mission: "promote physical and mental health and prevent
disease, injury, and disability"
American Public Health Association
Ans: Public Health nurses integrate community involvement
and knowledge about the entire population with personal,
clinical understandings of the health and illness experiences of
individuals and families within the population.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |4
Multilevel integrative model of nursing that practices at 3 levels
(individual, family, population)
Quad Council Tier 1 Competencies
Ans: Responsibilities of the tier 1 public health nurse
(baccalaureate prepared) may include
-working directly with at risk populations
-carry out health promotion programs at all levels of prevention
-basic data collection and analysis
-Field work (doing home visits): in reference the to lead
poisoning issue the PH nurse would go out to conduct home
visits with an environmental health person
-Program planning
-Outreach activities (she would want to know who is at risk and
target those individuals, you want to know the major risks that
you are trying to assist an at risk population with)
-Programmatic support
-Other organizational tasks
American Nurses Association
Ans: Public Health nursing is the practice of promoting and
protecting the health of populations using knowledge from
nursing, social and public health sciences.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
NRS 412 Exam 1 Questions and Correct
Answers/ Latest Update / Already Graded
Public Health History
Ans: Middle ages: population density increased (we begin to
see the development of cities), there is evidence of poor
sanitation and increased incidence of communicable diseases.
The people during this time period used supernatural
explanations for physical and mental illnesses. The average
lifespan at this time was about 35 due to high infant and child
mortality.
1850: John snow use epidemiological (causality) principles to
halt a cholera epidemic in London, earning the title "father of
epidemiology". He conducted door to door 'shoe leather
epidemiological investigations'. At this time John snow was
attempting to improve living conditions and through his efforts
and he realized that people were getting sick through the use of
dirty water. This was a major turning point in health because it
became evident that illness was not caused by dirty air
(miasma). During this point in time mental health illness was
thought to be caused by demonic expression
1850 to WW2: sanitary methods are developed in order to
safeguard water. The pasteurization of milk begins.
Immunizations and antibiotics are being more readily used.
There is a growing focus on chronic disease, mental health, and
substance abuse. AIDS and other emerging infectious diseases
become evident. Presence of climate change, violence, poverty,
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |2
and bioterrorism become increasingly evident. People are living
longer. Families become smaller
21st century: public health to social determinants of health as
target for population level, not individual health. Policy and
environmental interventions are being enacted. Decreased
public health focus on trying to change behavior at the
individual level
Florence Nightingale
Ans: Used epidemiological statistics to document outcomes.
She found that medical interventions had unclear benefits while
nursing care designed to "put patient in the best condition for
nature to act upon him" resulted in a dramatic reduction in
morbidity/mortality in as hospitals through the use of hygiene,
nutrition, infection control, fresh air and light. Used prevention
and a systems approach to decrease high mortality rates for
infants, children, the poor, and those in the hospital.
Recognized that social physics was key to health (jobs,
environment, conditions, etc AKA social determi nants of
health)
Clara Barton
Ans: In US civil was, she founded the American Red Cross.
After the geneva convention (after WW2) this became an
international organization dedicated to provision of
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |3
humanitarian help for people affected by conflict a nd armed
violence, and to promote laws that help the victims of war
Lillian Wald
Ans: Ran the Henry Street Settlement which advocated for
social changes to improve health for immigrant population in
tenement slums of NYS, particularly children. Initiated school
nursing and school playgrounds. She is thought to be the
mother of public health Nursing
IOM: Future of Public Health Report
Ans: Public health is 'what we, as a society, do collectively to
assure the conditions in which people can be healthy'
Vision: "healthy people in healthy communities"
Mission: "promote physical and mental health and prevent
disease, injury, and disability"
American Public Health Association
Ans: Public Health nurses integrate community involvement
and knowledge about the entire population with personal,
clinical understandings of the health and illness experiences of
individuals and families within the population.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |4
Multilevel integrative model of nursing that practices at 3 levels
(individual, family, population)
Quad Council Tier 1 Competencies
Ans: Responsibilities of the tier 1 public health nurse
(baccalaureate prepared) may include
-working directly with at risk populations
-carry out health promotion programs at all levels of prevention
-basic data collection and analysis
-Field work (doing home visits): in reference the to lead
poisoning issue the PH nurse would go out to conduct home
visits with an environmental health person
-Program planning
-Outreach activities (she would want to know who is at risk and
target those individuals, you want to know the major risks that
you are trying to assist an at risk population with)
-Programmatic support
-Other organizational tasks
American Nurses Association
Ans: Public Health nursing is the practice of promoting and
protecting the health of populations using knowledge from
nursing, social and public health sciences.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
