NRS 4016. Exam 1 Study Guide
Describe separation anxiety. - answer• Separation anxiety occurs during the toddler
years (1 to 3 years of age)
• May begin as early as 8 months of age, and end as late as 3 years of age
• Separation from caregivers is stressful for toddler, and can be even more stressful if
the child is hospitalized
• Lessens over time as child learns that parents will come back
To reduce separation anxiety, parents/caregivers should: - answer• Distract the child,
say goodbye, and leave quickly
• The quicker you leave, the quicker the episode will end
• Practice leaving at home by going to another room and saying you will be back soon
• Stay calm, be consistent, and give reassurance that you will be back
What is stranger anxiety? - answer• Expected in 9 to 12 month-olds
• Enjoys familiar surroundings and people
• Express dissatisfaction with strangers or strange surroundings
Describe food preferences. - answer• During toddler-age, they start developing food
preferences and become pickier eaters
• Give quality foods instead of quantity
• Appetite decreases
• Caloric needs have decreased
What is the expected weight gain for birth to 6 months? - answer• Weekly: 140 to 200
grams
• Birth weight doubles by the end of the first 4 to 7 months
What is the expected weight gain for 6 to 12 month olds? - answer• Weekly: 85 to 140
grams
• Birth weight triples by the end of the first year
What is the expected weight gain for 12 to 36 month olds? - answerBirth weight
quadruples by age 2 1/2 years
What is the expected weight gain for 3 to 5 year olds? - answerYearly gain: 2 to 3 kg
What is the expected weight gain for 5 to 12 year olds? - answerYearly gain: 2 to 3 kg
What is the expected weight gain for 12 to 18 year olds? - answer• Females: 7 to 25 kg
• Males: 7 to 30 kg
,When does the posterior fontanel close? - answer2 months (6 to 8 weeks)
When does the anterior fontanel close? - answer12 to 18 months
When are the beginning signs of tooth eruption? - answer5 months
When do the two lower central incisors erupt? - answer6 months
When do the upper central incisors erupt? - answer7 months
When do the upper lateral incisors erupt? - answer9 months
When does the lower lateral incisors erupt? - answer11 months
How many teeth are expected erupt by the end of 12 months? - answer6 to 8 deciduous
teeth
When are baby teeth still present? - answerAges 3 to 5 years
When do the lateral incisors and mandibular cuspids erupt? - answerAges 8 to 9 years
When do the remainder of teeth erupt? - answer10 to 12 years, except for wisdom teeth
What are temper tantrums? - answer• Most common in 1 to 4 year olds
• The infant's way of expressing frustration, hunger, anger, illness, or fatigue
• They want to be independent and can't communicate their needs to you
How should a caregiver react to temper tantrums? - answer• Establish and maintain
routines
• Set limits
• Consequences need to follow poor behavior: time or sitting in a chair calm and taking
child to a quiet place
• Stay calm
• Don't yell
• Be consistent with their response, and do not give in
• Try to use age appropriate expectations
When does the Babinski reflex disappear? - answer12 months
When does the Moro reflex disappear? - answer4 months
When does Doll's eye reflex disappear? - answer1 month
When does the crawl reflex disappear? - answer2 months
At what age do we expect solitary play? - answerBirth to 1 year
, At what age do we expect associative play? - answer3 to 6 years
At what age do we expect parallel play? - answer1 to 3 years
At what age do we expect cooperative play? - answer6 to 12 years
Describe Trust vs. Mistrust. - answer• An infant requires that basic needs are met—
food, clothing, touch, and comfort
• If these needs are not met, the infant will develop a mistrust of others
• If a sense of trust is developed, the infant iwll see the word as a safe place
Describe Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. - answer• The child is learning to control
bodily function
• Independence starts to emerge
• They vocalize by saying no to something, and direct their motor activity
• Children who are consistently criticized for showing independence and autonomy will
develop shame and doubt in their abilities
• Toddlers also need to recognize the feelings and needs of others
• Excessive autonomy could lead to disregard for and an inability to play with others
Describe Initiative vs. Guilt. - answer• The preschool child is exposed to new people and
and new activities, the child becomes involved and very busy
• Learns about the environment through play
• Learns new responsibilities and can act based on established principles
• Develops a conscience
• If the child is constantly criticized for their actions, this can lead to guilt and lack of
purpose
Describe Industry vs. Inferiority. - answer• 6 to 12 year olds
• Developing interests and takes pride in accomplishments
• Enjoys working in groups and forming social relationships
• Enjoys projects
• Follow rules and order
• Developing a sense of industry provides the child with purpose and confidence in
being successful, this can result in a sense of inferiority
• A child must learn balance, an understanding that they cannot succeed at everything,
and that there is always more to learn
Describe Identity vs. Role Confusion. - answer• 12 to 18 years
• Preoccupied with how they are seen in the eyes of others
• Working to establish their own identity
• Trying out new roles to see what best fits for them
• If they are unable to provide a meaningful definition of self, they are at risk for role
confusion in one or more roles throughout life
• Some confusion is good and will result in self-reflection and self-examination
Describe separation anxiety. - answer• Separation anxiety occurs during the toddler
years (1 to 3 years of age)
• May begin as early as 8 months of age, and end as late as 3 years of age
• Separation from caregivers is stressful for toddler, and can be even more stressful if
the child is hospitalized
• Lessens over time as child learns that parents will come back
To reduce separation anxiety, parents/caregivers should: - answer• Distract the child,
say goodbye, and leave quickly
• The quicker you leave, the quicker the episode will end
• Practice leaving at home by going to another room and saying you will be back soon
• Stay calm, be consistent, and give reassurance that you will be back
What is stranger anxiety? - answer• Expected in 9 to 12 month-olds
• Enjoys familiar surroundings and people
• Express dissatisfaction with strangers or strange surroundings
Describe food preferences. - answer• During toddler-age, they start developing food
preferences and become pickier eaters
• Give quality foods instead of quantity
• Appetite decreases
• Caloric needs have decreased
What is the expected weight gain for birth to 6 months? - answer• Weekly: 140 to 200
grams
• Birth weight doubles by the end of the first 4 to 7 months
What is the expected weight gain for 6 to 12 month olds? - answer• Weekly: 85 to 140
grams
• Birth weight triples by the end of the first year
What is the expected weight gain for 12 to 36 month olds? - answerBirth weight
quadruples by age 2 1/2 years
What is the expected weight gain for 3 to 5 year olds? - answerYearly gain: 2 to 3 kg
What is the expected weight gain for 5 to 12 year olds? - answerYearly gain: 2 to 3 kg
What is the expected weight gain for 12 to 18 year olds? - answer• Females: 7 to 25 kg
• Males: 7 to 30 kg
,When does the posterior fontanel close? - answer2 months (6 to 8 weeks)
When does the anterior fontanel close? - answer12 to 18 months
When are the beginning signs of tooth eruption? - answer5 months
When do the two lower central incisors erupt? - answer6 months
When do the upper central incisors erupt? - answer7 months
When do the upper lateral incisors erupt? - answer9 months
When does the lower lateral incisors erupt? - answer11 months
How many teeth are expected erupt by the end of 12 months? - answer6 to 8 deciduous
teeth
When are baby teeth still present? - answerAges 3 to 5 years
When do the lateral incisors and mandibular cuspids erupt? - answerAges 8 to 9 years
When do the remainder of teeth erupt? - answer10 to 12 years, except for wisdom teeth
What are temper tantrums? - answer• Most common in 1 to 4 year olds
• The infant's way of expressing frustration, hunger, anger, illness, or fatigue
• They want to be independent and can't communicate their needs to you
How should a caregiver react to temper tantrums? - answer• Establish and maintain
routines
• Set limits
• Consequences need to follow poor behavior: time or sitting in a chair calm and taking
child to a quiet place
• Stay calm
• Don't yell
• Be consistent with their response, and do not give in
• Try to use age appropriate expectations
When does the Babinski reflex disappear? - answer12 months
When does the Moro reflex disappear? - answer4 months
When does Doll's eye reflex disappear? - answer1 month
When does the crawl reflex disappear? - answer2 months
At what age do we expect solitary play? - answerBirth to 1 year
, At what age do we expect associative play? - answer3 to 6 years
At what age do we expect parallel play? - answer1 to 3 years
At what age do we expect cooperative play? - answer6 to 12 years
Describe Trust vs. Mistrust. - answer• An infant requires that basic needs are met—
food, clothing, touch, and comfort
• If these needs are not met, the infant will develop a mistrust of others
• If a sense of trust is developed, the infant iwll see the word as a safe place
Describe Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. - answer• The child is learning to control
bodily function
• Independence starts to emerge
• They vocalize by saying no to something, and direct their motor activity
• Children who are consistently criticized for showing independence and autonomy will
develop shame and doubt in their abilities
• Toddlers also need to recognize the feelings and needs of others
• Excessive autonomy could lead to disregard for and an inability to play with others
Describe Initiative vs. Guilt. - answer• The preschool child is exposed to new people and
and new activities, the child becomes involved and very busy
• Learns about the environment through play
• Learns new responsibilities and can act based on established principles
• Develops a conscience
• If the child is constantly criticized for their actions, this can lead to guilt and lack of
purpose
Describe Industry vs. Inferiority. - answer• 6 to 12 year olds
• Developing interests and takes pride in accomplishments
• Enjoys working in groups and forming social relationships
• Enjoys projects
• Follow rules and order
• Developing a sense of industry provides the child with purpose and confidence in
being successful, this can result in a sense of inferiority
• A child must learn balance, an understanding that they cannot succeed at everything,
and that there is always more to learn
Describe Identity vs. Role Confusion. - answer• 12 to 18 years
• Preoccupied with how they are seen in the eyes of others
• Working to establish their own identity
• Trying out new roles to see what best fits for them
• If they are unable to provide a meaningful definition of self, they are at risk for role
confusion in one or more roles throughout life
• Some confusion is good and will result in self-reflection and self-examination
