BIOL 2051 Final Exam LSU Study
Guide with All Actual Answers 2025-
2026 Updated.
Pathogen - Answer an organism that can cause disease
Primary Pathogens - Answer produce disease readily in healthy hosts
Opportunistic Pathogens - Answer only cause disease when displaces to an unusual site or
when host has a weakened immune system
Localized Infection - Answer organisms grow locally at site of invasion
Systemic Infection - Answer organisms spread through body using blood or lymphatic
systems
What Makes a Good Pathogen - Answer - avoids the immune system
- able to spread before syptoms present
- different mode of transmission
- array of different hosts
- doesn't kill host
Direct Transmission - Answer physical interaction between infected and susceptible hosts
Indirect Transmission - Answer nonliving thing carries infectious agent from infected to
susceptible individual
Fomite - Answer inanimate object (used needle, toothbrush, bedding)
Horizontal Transmission - Answer transmission of a pathogen between members of a species
other than parent to offsping
Vertical Transmission - Answer passing of a pathogen from parent to child
Zoonotic Transfer - Answer pathogen moves from its natural host to a human
,Distribution of Human Pathogen Species - Answer Bacteria>Fungi>Helminths>Viruses &
Prions>Protozoa
Helminth - Answer parasitic worm
Virulence - Answer ability of a pathogen to cause disease
Infectious Dose - Answer number of organisms to colonize 50% of hosts
Virulence Factors - Answer anything made by pathogen to help it cause disease
Adhearance Factors - Answer help pathogens attach to host cell
Capsule - Answer complex of polysaccharides & water
protects bacterium from phagocytosis
Fimbriae and Pili - Answer help bacteria to attach to surface
Invasive Factors - Answer help pathogen to invade host tissue by penetrating the epithelium
Streptococcus and Staphylococcus sp. - Answer can produce hyalurondase that breaks down
hyaluronic acid that holds cells together
Clostridiumm sp. - Answer can produce collagenase that breaks down collagen
Colonization Factors - Answer help pathogen grow within host tissue
Vibrio cholerae - Answer secrets a protein TcpF (toxin coregulated pilus protein F) that allows
colonization of the small intestine
Cell Surface Structures - Answer help pathogen avoid phagocytosis
Exotoxins - Answer soluble chemical excreted by viable pathogens
Cytolytic Toxins - Answer cause lysis of host cell
, a-b Toxins - Answer composed of two proteins covalently bound: binds to host cell and
transfers to cause damage
Diphtheria - Answer toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheria
Enterotoxins - Answer exotoxins that affect the small intestine causing changes in intestinal
permeability that lead to diarrhea
Cholera Toxin - Answer produced by Vibrio cholera
Endotoxin - Answer toxic bacterial structural component released upon bacterial cell death
lipopolysaccharide - Answer derived from the outer membrane Gram negative bacteria
Staohylococcus auerus - Answer can produce hemolysin, leukocidin, superantigen, and most
common causative agent for toxic shock syndrome, yellow pigmented produces coagulase
Coagulase - Answer causes plasma clots
Impetigo - Answer skin infection that lyses red blood celss
Superantigen - Answer pathogen proteins that can cause over-reactive immune system,
activate more T cells than normal, bypass normal route of antigen processing by binding TCR
and MHC without undergoing antigen processing
result: massive inflammatory response, tissue damage
Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) - Answer obtain antibiotic resistant genes through
horizontal transfer, arise in environment with high levels of antibiotic, resist to everything but
vancomycin
Streptokinases - Answer opposite of coagulase, breaks down fibrin , clots are made by host
to wall off bacteria infections and prevent their spread to healthy tissue
Erythrogenic Toxin - Answer causes scarlet fever, damages the plasma membranes of blood
capillaries
Scarlet Fever - Answer pink rash and strawberry tongue
Guide with All Actual Answers 2025-
2026 Updated.
Pathogen - Answer an organism that can cause disease
Primary Pathogens - Answer produce disease readily in healthy hosts
Opportunistic Pathogens - Answer only cause disease when displaces to an unusual site or
when host has a weakened immune system
Localized Infection - Answer organisms grow locally at site of invasion
Systemic Infection - Answer organisms spread through body using blood or lymphatic
systems
What Makes a Good Pathogen - Answer - avoids the immune system
- able to spread before syptoms present
- different mode of transmission
- array of different hosts
- doesn't kill host
Direct Transmission - Answer physical interaction between infected and susceptible hosts
Indirect Transmission - Answer nonliving thing carries infectious agent from infected to
susceptible individual
Fomite - Answer inanimate object (used needle, toothbrush, bedding)
Horizontal Transmission - Answer transmission of a pathogen between members of a species
other than parent to offsping
Vertical Transmission - Answer passing of a pathogen from parent to child
Zoonotic Transfer - Answer pathogen moves from its natural host to a human
,Distribution of Human Pathogen Species - Answer Bacteria>Fungi>Helminths>Viruses &
Prions>Protozoa
Helminth - Answer parasitic worm
Virulence - Answer ability of a pathogen to cause disease
Infectious Dose - Answer number of organisms to colonize 50% of hosts
Virulence Factors - Answer anything made by pathogen to help it cause disease
Adhearance Factors - Answer help pathogens attach to host cell
Capsule - Answer complex of polysaccharides & water
protects bacterium from phagocytosis
Fimbriae and Pili - Answer help bacteria to attach to surface
Invasive Factors - Answer help pathogen to invade host tissue by penetrating the epithelium
Streptococcus and Staphylococcus sp. - Answer can produce hyalurondase that breaks down
hyaluronic acid that holds cells together
Clostridiumm sp. - Answer can produce collagenase that breaks down collagen
Colonization Factors - Answer help pathogen grow within host tissue
Vibrio cholerae - Answer secrets a protein TcpF (toxin coregulated pilus protein F) that allows
colonization of the small intestine
Cell Surface Structures - Answer help pathogen avoid phagocytosis
Exotoxins - Answer soluble chemical excreted by viable pathogens
Cytolytic Toxins - Answer cause lysis of host cell
, a-b Toxins - Answer composed of two proteins covalently bound: binds to host cell and
transfers to cause damage
Diphtheria - Answer toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheria
Enterotoxins - Answer exotoxins that affect the small intestine causing changes in intestinal
permeability that lead to diarrhea
Cholera Toxin - Answer produced by Vibrio cholera
Endotoxin - Answer toxic bacterial structural component released upon bacterial cell death
lipopolysaccharide - Answer derived from the outer membrane Gram negative bacteria
Staohylococcus auerus - Answer can produce hemolysin, leukocidin, superantigen, and most
common causative agent for toxic shock syndrome, yellow pigmented produces coagulase
Coagulase - Answer causes plasma clots
Impetigo - Answer skin infection that lyses red blood celss
Superantigen - Answer pathogen proteins that can cause over-reactive immune system,
activate more T cells than normal, bypass normal route of antigen processing by binding TCR
and MHC without undergoing antigen processing
result: massive inflammatory response, tissue damage
Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) - Answer obtain antibiotic resistant genes through
horizontal transfer, arise in environment with high levels of antibiotic, resist to everything but
vancomycin
Streptokinases - Answer opposite of coagulase, breaks down fibrin , clots are made by host
to wall off bacteria infections and prevent their spread to healthy tissue
Erythrogenic Toxin - Answer causes scarlet fever, damages the plasma membranes of blood
capillaries
Scarlet Fever - Answer pink rash and strawberry tongue
