BIOL 2051 Brininstool Exam 1 And 2
Study Guide Questions with Actual
Detailed Answers.
Define microbiology - Answer The study of cellular and noncellular organisms too small to be
seen with the naked eye
What are microorganisms? - Answer a microscopic organism consisting of a single cell or cell
cluster or a virus
Where do you find microorganisms? - Answer everywhere lol
How many microorganisms are estimated to be on Earth? - Answer 25X10^29
How long have microorganisms been on Earth? - Answer 4 billion years
How do microorganisms impact our lives through disease? - Answer Bacterial and viral
pathogens used to be the major cause of human death 100 years ago. Not a big deal in
developed countries due to the combo of microbiologists and clinical medicine. In reality, most
microbes are not harmful.
How do microorganisms impact our lives through agriculture? - Answer Microorganisms
cycle nutrients and have a major role in rumen
How do microorganisms impact our lives through food? - Answer Food spoilage, safety, and
production. Requires constant monitoring of food.
How do microorganisms impact our lives through energy? - Answer Some produce biofuels
such as methane and ethanol
How do microorganisms impact our lives through bioremediation? - Answer Used to clean
up pollution such as spilled oil, pesticides, solvents, and other environmentally toxic pollutants
How do microorganisms impact our lives through biotechnology? - Answer Genetically
engineered microorganisms are used to make insulin and other human proteins
Name 6 abilities/characteristics of living cells. - Answer -metabolism
-growth
,-evolution
-differentiation
-motility
-genetic exchange
-communication
Who was the first to use a microscope to see microorganisms? - Answer Robert Hooke
What did Robert Hooke see? - Answer fruiting of molds
What type of microscope did Robert Hooke use? - Answer a glorified magnifying glass
Who was the first to use a microscope to see bacteria? - Answer Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
How do we know Leeuwenhoek saw bacteria? - Answer He made drawings and took a
picture through his crude microscope
What kind of microscope did Leeuwenhoek use? - Answer A crude single lens
List at least 4 ways microscopy is useful. - Answer -allows cell shape and arrangement to be
seen
-allows structures to be seen
-allows pathogens to be seen
-allows differentiation of gram (+) and (-)
What are the four types of light microscopy? - Answer -bright field
-phase contrast
-dark field
-fluorescent
What must be done to a microorganism to be able to see it with brightfield light microscopy? -
Answer stain it using basic dyes
Which types of light microscopy allow you to view a live sample? - Answer phase contrast
and dark field
, What is the maximum resolution of a compound light microscope? Describe what that value
means in practical terms when viewing a specimen. - Answer ~ 0.2 micrometers, meaning 2
specimen must be this far apart in order to be distinguishable
What are the two types of electron microscopy? When would you use one type instead of the
other? - Answer Transmission and scanning. TEM to see internal structures. SEM to see
surfaces.
What is the maximum resolution of an electron microscope? - Answer 0.2 - 4.0 nanometers
What is the smallest microbial cell size discovered thus far? - Answer 0.2 microns is the size
of the smallest free-living pathogenic bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium.
Would Mycoplasma genitalium have a high or low surface area-to-volume ratio compared to an
average eukaryotic cell? - Answer high SA to V ratio
What is the significance of a cell having a high surface area-to-volume ratio? - Answer aids in
efficient nutrient and waste exchange with environment
Discuss the problems a cell might have it were less than 0.2 microns. - Answer it wouldn't be
able to contain all the essential molecules of life
Compare and contrast a prokaryotic microbial cell and eukaryotic microbial cell. - Answer
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles like eukaryotic cells
What microorganisms have a phospholipid bilayer form their cytoplasmic membrane? - Answer
Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea
What microorganisms have a lipid monolayer form their cytoplasmic membrane? - Answer
Archaea
Contrast the phospholipid bilayer with the lipid monolayer. - Answer Bilayer is made of 2
layers of phospholipids, while monolayers are just made of 1.
What molecules make up lipid bilayers vs. monolayers? - Answer -Bilayers are made of fatty
acids (non-polar region) and glycerophosphates (polar region)
-Monolayers are made of phytanyl and glycerophophates
Study Guide Questions with Actual
Detailed Answers.
Define microbiology - Answer The study of cellular and noncellular organisms too small to be
seen with the naked eye
What are microorganisms? - Answer a microscopic organism consisting of a single cell or cell
cluster or a virus
Where do you find microorganisms? - Answer everywhere lol
How many microorganisms are estimated to be on Earth? - Answer 25X10^29
How long have microorganisms been on Earth? - Answer 4 billion years
How do microorganisms impact our lives through disease? - Answer Bacterial and viral
pathogens used to be the major cause of human death 100 years ago. Not a big deal in
developed countries due to the combo of microbiologists and clinical medicine. In reality, most
microbes are not harmful.
How do microorganisms impact our lives through agriculture? - Answer Microorganisms
cycle nutrients and have a major role in rumen
How do microorganisms impact our lives through food? - Answer Food spoilage, safety, and
production. Requires constant monitoring of food.
How do microorganisms impact our lives through energy? - Answer Some produce biofuels
such as methane and ethanol
How do microorganisms impact our lives through bioremediation? - Answer Used to clean
up pollution such as spilled oil, pesticides, solvents, and other environmentally toxic pollutants
How do microorganisms impact our lives through biotechnology? - Answer Genetically
engineered microorganisms are used to make insulin and other human proteins
Name 6 abilities/characteristics of living cells. - Answer -metabolism
-growth
,-evolution
-differentiation
-motility
-genetic exchange
-communication
Who was the first to use a microscope to see microorganisms? - Answer Robert Hooke
What did Robert Hooke see? - Answer fruiting of molds
What type of microscope did Robert Hooke use? - Answer a glorified magnifying glass
Who was the first to use a microscope to see bacteria? - Answer Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
How do we know Leeuwenhoek saw bacteria? - Answer He made drawings and took a
picture through his crude microscope
What kind of microscope did Leeuwenhoek use? - Answer A crude single lens
List at least 4 ways microscopy is useful. - Answer -allows cell shape and arrangement to be
seen
-allows structures to be seen
-allows pathogens to be seen
-allows differentiation of gram (+) and (-)
What are the four types of light microscopy? - Answer -bright field
-phase contrast
-dark field
-fluorescent
What must be done to a microorganism to be able to see it with brightfield light microscopy? -
Answer stain it using basic dyes
Which types of light microscopy allow you to view a live sample? - Answer phase contrast
and dark field
, What is the maximum resolution of a compound light microscope? Describe what that value
means in practical terms when viewing a specimen. - Answer ~ 0.2 micrometers, meaning 2
specimen must be this far apart in order to be distinguishable
What are the two types of electron microscopy? When would you use one type instead of the
other? - Answer Transmission and scanning. TEM to see internal structures. SEM to see
surfaces.
What is the maximum resolution of an electron microscope? - Answer 0.2 - 4.0 nanometers
What is the smallest microbial cell size discovered thus far? - Answer 0.2 microns is the size
of the smallest free-living pathogenic bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium.
Would Mycoplasma genitalium have a high or low surface area-to-volume ratio compared to an
average eukaryotic cell? - Answer high SA to V ratio
What is the significance of a cell having a high surface area-to-volume ratio? - Answer aids in
efficient nutrient and waste exchange with environment
Discuss the problems a cell might have it were less than 0.2 microns. - Answer it wouldn't be
able to contain all the essential molecules of life
Compare and contrast a prokaryotic microbial cell and eukaryotic microbial cell. - Answer
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles like eukaryotic cells
What microorganisms have a phospholipid bilayer form their cytoplasmic membrane? - Answer
Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea
What microorganisms have a lipid monolayer form their cytoplasmic membrane? - Answer
Archaea
Contrast the phospholipid bilayer with the lipid monolayer. - Answer Bilayer is made of 2
layers of phospholipids, while monolayers are just made of 1.
What molecules make up lipid bilayers vs. monolayers? - Answer -Bilayers are made of fatty
acids (non-polar region) and glycerophosphates (polar region)
-Monolayers are made of phytanyl and glycerophophates
