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,Atrophy - Answer: E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
Hypertrophy - Answer: E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
Hyperplasia - Answer: E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
Dysplasia - Answer: E. Cells change in size, shape,
organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
, Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
Metaplasia - Answer: E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t
cigarette smoke
Hypoxia injury - Answer: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production
of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - Answer: E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust
intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's
disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis