NURS 5315 Advanced
Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
Comprehensive Study Guide +
Exam Questions & Solutions
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What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - Answer: Heart
disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
(ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF,
OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less
*protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
How are free radicals produced? - Answer: 1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free
radical
What is the body's defense against ROS? - Answer:
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione,
albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
,action potential - Answer: Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then
repolarizes
Threshold potential - Answer: Point at which depolarization
must reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - Answer: HYPERpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased
neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony,
paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - Answer: HYPOpolarized
(more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T
waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is
BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
, Hypocalcemia and action potentials - Answer: Increased
permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia,
circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - Answer: Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia,
fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T
waves
Atrophy - Answer: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation,
or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it
has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve
supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved
new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function
and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - Answer: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of
the thymus gland during childhood.
Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
Comprehensive Study Guide +
Exam Questions & Solutions
Graded A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
• Proctored Exam Assistance
• Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
• Exam Preparation & Study Materials
• Assignments and Coursework Support
• Essay and Research Paper Writing
• Discussion Posts & Responses
• Editing and Proofreading
• Confidential Academic Consultation
Contact Information
Email:
WhatsApp link: https://wa.me/254704846336
Fast Response | Confidential | Reliable Academic
Support
, Helping Students Achieve Academic Excellence
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - Answer: Heart
disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
(ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF,
OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less
*protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
How are free radicals produced? - Answer: 1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free
radical
What is the body's defense against ROS? - Answer:
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione,
albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
,action potential - Answer: Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then
repolarizes
Threshold potential - Answer: Point at which depolarization
must reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - Answer: HYPERpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased
neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony,
paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - Answer: HYPOpolarized
(more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T
waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is
BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
, Hypocalcemia and action potentials - Answer: Increased
permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia,
circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - Answer: Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia,
fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T
waves
Atrophy - Answer: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation,
or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it
has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve
supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved
new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function
and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - Answer: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of
the thymus gland during childhood.
