BIOL 2051 Micro Lab Final Exam
Questions and All Actual Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Metabolism - Answer sum of the rxns that are associated w/ the life of a cell
Enzymes - Answer -proteins that serve as biological catalysts
-generally, can react w/ only one substance called the substrate
Without enzymes - Answer none of the rxns associated w/ living cells would occur at a rapid
enough rate for life as we know it to exist
Substrate - Answer -reacts w/ a specific enzyme to catalyze only one reaction
Extracellular enzymes - Answer -enzymes that act outside the cell in which they are
produced
-degrade large molecules into units that are small enough to be transported across the cell
membrane & into the cell where they can be useful
Endoenzymes - Answer -act inside the cell to degrade molecules to simpler molecules,
releasing energy or synthesizing molecules that are needed by the cell
Inducible/adaptive enzymes - Answer -enzymes that are produced only if the appropriate
substrate is available (as an energy conserving mechanism)
Macromolecules - Answer -large molecules composed of a # of subunits, generally joined by
dehydration synthesis
-may also be degraded into the constituent subunits
-rxns are reversible
-each rxn is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
Morphology is - Answer examining the cell size, shape, and arrangement of a bacterium
Metabolic capabilites includes - Answer -an examination of the enzymes it produces & how
it reacts biochemically
Physiology - Answer -an assessment that tells how an organism functions in an environment
,Catalase production test can be used to - Answer differentiate b/w different genera of
bacteria
Hydrogen Peroxide has - Answer -toxic effect on bacteria, but it is a product of aerobic
metabolism
For microorganisms to survive in an aerobic environment, they much be able to - Answer
detoxify hydrogen peroxide
Catalase is an - Answer -enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water &
molecular oxygen
Oxygen produced in a catalase test can be observed by - Answer the production of bubbles
Catalase is produced by - Answer essentially all organisms that use oxygen for respiration
Bacteria that DO NOT use oxygen for respiration - Answer DO NOT produce catalase
2H2O2 + (Catalase) ------> - Answer 2H2O + O2
Catalase Positive bacteria - Answer -Staphylococcus
-Micrococcus
Catalase Negative bacteria - Answer -Streptococcus
-Lactococcus
-Enterococcus
Staphylococci are - Answer aerobic & DO produce catalase
Streptococci are strictly - Answer fermentative & DO NOT produce catalase
Oxidase enzymes are - Answer -made by organisms that produce energy usuing aerobic
respiration
During aerobic respiration - Answer -membrane ETC components cycle b/w oxidized &
reduced states
,The series of redox-rxns in aerobic respiration provide - Answer -energy to build the H+
gradient that leads to ATP production
In aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen equals - Answer electron acceptor
In aerobic respiration, an enzyme called cytochrome - Answer -oxidase catalyzes the
oxidation of cytochrome (member of ETC) & the subsequent reduction of mlecular ocygen to
either H2O, or H2O2
H2O2 is - Answer toxic to cells & aerobic organisms have the enzymes such as catalases &
peroxidases to remove this byproduct
B/c oxidase enzymes function in erobic ETCs, organisms - Answer that use oxygen can be
identified using the oxidase enzyme activity (including aerobes, facultative anaerobes, &
microerophiles)
Production of oxidase is used to differentiate the genera - Answer -Neisseria and Moraxella
(oxidase positive) from Acinetobacter (oxidase negative) &&
-Pseudomonads and Vibrionaceae (oxidative positive) from Enerobacteriaceae (oxidase
negative)
Reagent tetramethyl-p-ohenyenediamine dihydrochloride can be used to - Answer -test an
organisms ability to produce cytochrome oxidase
Reagent tetramethyl-p-ohenyenediamine dihydrochloride can be - Answer -added directly to
colonies grown on a plate
Reagent tetramethyl-p-ohenyenediamine dihydrochloride serves as - Answer -an artificial
substrate to be oxidized by cytochrome oxidase in the presence of oxygen
After adding the reagent tetremethyl-p-ohenyenediamine dihydrochloride to a colony, the
reagent will turn - Answer -bright blue/purple if cytochrome oxidase is present
When using reagent tetremethyl-p-ohenyenediamine dihydrochloride, you must - Answer -
observe results immediately, b/c if exposed to air too long, the test reagent will be oxidized by
the air & turn color, leading to false positives
Escherichia coli is - Answer oxidase negative
, Pseudomonas putida is - Answer oxidase positive
Microbial produced amylases (component of laundry detergent) - Answer -are used
commercially to produce glucose & syrup from starch & to remove coatings in the paper &
textile industry
Carbohydrates - Answer -are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a 1:2:1
ratio
The formula for carbohydrates (CH2O)n - Answer -indicates that there are twice as many
hydrogen atoms as carbon & oxygen atoms
Monosaccharides are - Answer -small carbohydrates, single sugars, usually w/ 5 (ribose) or 6
(glucose) carbons
Oligosaccharides - Answer -"few sugars", composed of 2 or more monosaccharides
Polysaccharides are - Answer -larger polymers of monosaccharides & may serve as structural
components (cellulose, chitin) or as important reserve carbon & energy sources (cellulose,
dextran, glycogen, or starch)
Cellulose is a - Answer -polymer of glucose
-up to 14,000 glucose molecules in a single cellulose fibril
Glucose residues in cellulose are - Answer joined by Beta (1,4) glycosidic bonds
Cellulose is - Answer a major structural component of plants
Biosynthesis & bidegradation of cellulose are - Answer fundamental processes of the Global
Carbon Cycle
Cellulose is also produced by - Answer -a small # of bacteria (Sarcina) & some acetic acid
bacteria
Major decomposers of cellulose are - Answer -fungi & bacteria, both in soil & rotting wood
Cellulase is produced by - Answer -fungi & bacteria
Questions and All Actual Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Metabolism - Answer sum of the rxns that are associated w/ the life of a cell
Enzymes - Answer -proteins that serve as biological catalysts
-generally, can react w/ only one substance called the substrate
Without enzymes - Answer none of the rxns associated w/ living cells would occur at a rapid
enough rate for life as we know it to exist
Substrate - Answer -reacts w/ a specific enzyme to catalyze only one reaction
Extracellular enzymes - Answer -enzymes that act outside the cell in which they are
produced
-degrade large molecules into units that are small enough to be transported across the cell
membrane & into the cell where they can be useful
Endoenzymes - Answer -act inside the cell to degrade molecules to simpler molecules,
releasing energy or synthesizing molecules that are needed by the cell
Inducible/adaptive enzymes - Answer -enzymes that are produced only if the appropriate
substrate is available (as an energy conserving mechanism)
Macromolecules - Answer -large molecules composed of a # of subunits, generally joined by
dehydration synthesis
-may also be degraded into the constituent subunits
-rxns are reversible
-each rxn is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
Morphology is - Answer examining the cell size, shape, and arrangement of a bacterium
Metabolic capabilites includes - Answer -an examination of the enzymes it produces & how
it reacts biochemically
Physiology - Answer -an assessment that tells how an organism functions in an environment
,Catalase production test can be used to - Answer differentiate b/w different genera of
bacteria
Hydrogen Peroxide has - Answer -toxic effect on bacteria, but it is a product of aerobic
metabolism
For microorganisms to survive in an aerobic environment, they much be able to - Answer
detoxify hydrogen peroxide
Catalase is an - Answer -enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water &
molecular oxygen
Oxygen produced in a catalase test can be observed by - Answer the production of bubbles
Catalase is produced by - Answer essentially all organisms that use oxygen for respiration
Bacteria that DO NOT use oxygen for respiration - Answer DO NOT produce catalase
2H2O2 + (Catalase) ------> - Answer 2H2O + O2
Catalase Positive bacteria - Answer -Staphylococcus
-Micrococcus
Catalase Negative bacteria - Answer -Streptococcus
-Lactococcus
-Enterococcus
Staphylococci are - Answer aerobic & DO produce catalase
Streptococci are strictly - Answer fermentative & DO NOT produce catalase
Oxidase enzymes are - Answer -made by organisms that produce energy usuing aerobic
respiration
During aerobic respiration - Answer -membrane ETC components cycle b/w oxidized &
reduced states
,The series of redox-rxns in aerobic respiration provide - Answer -energy to build the H+
gradient that leads to ATP production
In aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen equals - Answer electron acceptor
In aerobic respiration, an enzyme called cytochrome - Answer -oxidase catalyzes the
oxidation of cytochrome (member of ETC) & the subsequent reduction of mlecular ocygen to
either H2O, or H2O2
H2O2 is - Answer toxic to cells & aerobic organisms have the enzymes such as catalases &
peroxidases to remove this byproduct
B/c oxidase enzymes function in erobic ETCs, organisms - Answer that use oxygen can be
identified using the oxidase enzyme activity (including aerobes, facultative anaerobes, &
microerophiles)
Production of oxidase is used to differentiate the genera - Answer -Neisseria and Moraxella
(oxidase positive) from Acinetobacter (oxidase negative) &&
-Pseudomonads and Vibrionaceae (oxidative positive) from Enerobacteriaceae (oxidase
negative)
Reagent tetramethyl-p-ohenyenediamine dihydrochloride can be used to - Answer -test an
organisms ability to produce cytochrome oxidase
Reagent tetramethyl-p-ohenyenediamine dihydrochloride can be - Answer -added directly to
colonies grown on a plate
Reagent tetramethyl-p-ohenyenediamine dihydrochloride serves as - Answer -an artificial
substrate to be oxidized by cytochrome oxidase in the presence of oxygen
After adding the reagent tetremethyl-p-ohenyenediamine dihydrochloride to a colony, the
reagent will turn - Answer -bright blue/purple if cytochrome oxidase is present
When using reagent tetremethyl-p-ohenyenediamine dihydrochloride, you must - Answer -
observe results immediately, b/c if exposed to air too long, the test reagent will be oxidized by
the air & turn color, leading to false positives
Escherichia coli is - Answer oxidase negative
, Pseudomonas putida is - Answer oxidase positive
Microbial produced amylases (component of laundry detergent) - Answer -are used
commercially to produce glucose & syrup from starch & to remove coatings in the paper &
textile industry
Carbohydrates - Answer -are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a 1:2:1
ratio
The formula for carbohydrates (CH2O)n - Answer -indicates that there are twice as many
hydrogen atoms as carbon & oxygen atoms
Monosaccharides are - Answer -small carbohydrates, single sugars, usually w/ 5 (ribose) or 6
(glucose) carbons
Oligosaccharides - Answer -"few sugars", composed of 2 or more monosaccharides
Polysaccharides are - Answer -larger polymers of monosaccharides & may serve as structural
components (cellulose, chitin) or as important reserve carbon & energy sources (cellulose,
dextran, glycogen, or starch)
Cellulose is a - Answer -polymer of glucose
-up to 14,000 glucose molecules in a single cellulose fibril
Glucose residues in cellulose are - Answer joined by Beta (1,4) glycosidic bonds
Cellulose is - Answer a major structural component of plants
Biosynthesis & bidegradation of cellulose are - Answer fundamental processes of the Global
Carbon Cycle
Cellulose is also produced by - Answer -a small # of bacteria (Sarcina) & some acetic acid
bacteria
Major decomposers of cellulose are - Answer -fungi & bacteria, both in soil & rotting wood
Cellulase is produced by - Answer -fungi & bacteria
