Biology 1001 Exam 2 Study Guide
Questions Solved Correctly 2025-2026
Updated.
The Central Dogma - Answer DNA --[transcribes]---> RNA --[translates]---> Protein
Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction (cell cycle & DNA) - Answer Includes: genes, chromosomes,
bases, DNA, mutations, homologous chromosomes, gametes. cell cycle interphase (G1,S,G2),
mitosis (PMAT), meiosis
cellular division - Answer parent cell gives rise to two daughter cells
-- Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary information from the parent cell and
about half its cytoplasm (info usually identical to the hereditary info found in the parent cells)
-- Cell division is required for ___ and ___
-- After cell division, the daughter cells may ___ or ____ - Answer -- required for growth and
development
-- grow and divide, or differentiate (becoming specialized for specific functions)
What is DNA? - Answer Hereditary info in all cells
What is DNA composed of? - Answer -- Nucleotides
Nucleotides composed of 1) a phosphate, 2) a sugar (deoxyribose), and #) one of four bases -
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C)
-- linked by hydrogen bonds
What holds the two strands of DNA together? Explain the structure. - Answer -- Hydrogen
bonds between complementary bases hold two DNA strands together in a double helix, twisted,
ladder-like structure
[ The bases protrude inward toward each other from the sugar-phosphate backbone like rungs
on a ladder. Hydrogen bonds hold the base pairs together and twisted into a double helix ]
What is a chromosome? - Answer -- a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found
in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
• Contains DNA and a protein
• Passed on during sexual reproduction
,What are genes? - Answer -- a unit of hereditary information that is inherited from the
parent cells [and encodes information needed to produce proteins, cells, and entire organisms]
-- sequence segments of nucleotides in DNA at specific locations on chromosomes that contain
traits passed down to offspring
Inheritence - Answer the process by which the characteristics of individuals are passed to
their offspring
How do the bases in DNA pair? - Answer A-T and C-G
What is the cell cycle? - Answer The repeating pattern of divide, grow, and differentiate, then
divide again in cells
What is the order of the phases in the cell cycle? - Answer • Interphase- G1, S, then G2 (cell
growth, DNA synthesis/replication, differentiates)
• Prophase- chromatin condense and nucleolus disappears
• Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
• Anaphase- paired chromosome separate and begin moving to opposite sides of the cell
• Telophase- cell splits in two
• Cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides
What occurs during interphase? - Answer A cell grows in size, replicates DNA, and
differentiates
What occurs during prophase? - Answer The chromosomes condense, the spindles form, and
the chromosomes are captured by the spindles
What occurs during metaphase? - Answer The chromosomes line up along the equator of
the cell
What occurs during anaphase? - Answer Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to
opposite poles of the cell
What occurs during telophase? - Answer Nuclear envelopes form around both groups of
chromosomes and the cytoplasm is split (cytokinesis)
What occurs during cytokinesis? - Answer (aka cytoplasmic division), the cytoplasm is
divided roughly equally between the two daughter cells, and one daughter nucleus enters each
of the daughter cells
, What is the difference between the two types of eukaryotic cell division, mitosis and meiosis? -
Answer Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division while mitosis only
has one. In meiosis homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are
genetically different. In mitosis the daughter cells are identical to the parents and each other.
• Mitosis happens to all cells
• Meiosis only occurs in sexual reproduction
mitosis cell division
Briefly explain the two steps. - Answer asexual, he cell division of eukaryotic cells by which
organisms grow or increase in number
-- During mitosis (nuclear division), the nucleus of the cell and the chromosomes divide. Each
daughter nucleus receives one copy of each of the replicated chromosomes of the parent cell
[Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase]
-- During Cytokinesis, cytoplasm is divided roughly equally between the two daughter cells, and
one daughter nucleus enters each of the daughter cells
meiosis cell division
Briefly explain the steps. - Answer sexual, occurs in animal ovaries and testes and is a
prerequisite for sexual reproduction in all eukaryotic organisms (prophase I and prophase II)
-- involves a specialized nuclear division (meiosis) and two rounds of cytokinesis
-Two divisional steps produce four daughter cells that can become gametes
-Daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell and from each other
-Each daughter cell has half the genetic material of the parent cell
Mitosis allows organisms to.... - Answer growth, maintenance, repair, and regeneration of
body parts
What are the three categories of cells in most multicellular organisms? - Answer -- Stem
cells: self renewal, ability to differentiate (liver cells is kinda an example)
-- Permanently differentiated cells: differentiate then never divide again (EX: heart, brain)
-- Other cells capable of dividing
stem cells - Answer two important characteristics:
-- self-renewal
-- ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types
[ when a stem cell divides, usually one daughter remains a stem cell, thus continuing the line;
the other daughter eventually differentiates ]
Questions Solved Correctly 2025-2026
Updated.
The Central Dogma - Answer DNA --[transcribes]---> RNA --[translates]---> Protein
Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction (cell cycle & DNA) - Answer Includes: genes, chromosomes,
bases, DNA, mutations, homologous chromosomes, gametes. cell cycle interphase (G1,S,G2),
mitosis (PMAT), meiosis
cellular division - Answer parent cell gives rise to two daughter cells
-- Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary information from the parent cell and
about half its cytoplasm (info usually identical to the hereditary info found in the parent cells)
-- Cell division is required for ___ and ___
-- After cell division, the daughter cells may ___ or ____ - Answer -- required for growth and
development
-- grow and divide, or differentiate (becoming specialized for specific functions)
What is DNA? - Answer Hereditary info in all cells
What is DNA composed of? - Answer -- Nucleotides
Nucleotides composed of 1) a phosphate, 2) a sugar (deoxyribose), and #) one of four bases -
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C)
-- linked by hydrogen bonds
What holds the two strands of DNA together? Explain the structure. - Answer -- Hydrogen
bonds between complementary bases hold two DNA strands together in a double helix, twisted,
ladder-like structure
[ The bases protrude inward toward each other from the sugar-phosphate backbone like rungs
on a ladder. Hydrogen bonds hold the base pairs together and twisted into a double helix ]
What is a chromosome? - Answer -- a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found
in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
• Contains DNA and a protein
• Passed on during sexual reproduction
,What are genes? - Answer -- a unit of hereditary information that is inherited from the
parent cells [and encodes information needed to produce proteins, cells, and entire organisms]
-- sequence segments of nucleotides in DNA at specific locations on chromosomes that contain
traits passed down to offspring
Inheritence - Answer the process by which the characteristics of individuals are passed to
their offspring
How do the bases in DNA pair? - Answer A-T and C-G
What is the cell cycle? - Answer The repeating pattern of divide, grow, and differentiate, then
divide again in cells
What is the order of the phases in the cell cycle? - Answer • Interphase- G1, S, then G2 (cell
growth, DNA synthesis/replication, differentiates)
• Prophase- chromatin condense and nucleolus disappears
• Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
• Anaphase- paired chromosome separate and begin moving to opposite sides of the cell
• Telophase- cell splits in two
• Cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides
What occurs during interphase? - Answer A cell grows in size, replicates DNA, and
differentiates
What occurs during prophase? - Answer The chromosomes condense, the spindles form, and
the chromosomes are captured by the spindles
What occurs during metaphase? - Answer The chromosomes line up along the equator of
the cell
What occurs during anaphase? - Answer Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to
opposite poles of the cell
What occurs during telophase? - Answer Nuclear envelopes form around both groups of
chromosomes and the cytoplasm is split (cytokinesis)
What occurs during cytokinesis? - Answer (aka cytoplasmic division), the cytoplasm is
divided roughly equally between the two daughter cells, and one daughter nucleus enters each
of the daughter cells
, What is the difference between the two types of eukaryotic cell division, mitosis and meiosis? -
Answer Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division while mitosis only
has one. In meiosis homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are
genetically different. In mitosis the daughter cells are identical to the parents and each other.
• Mitosis happens to all cells
• Meiosis only occurs in sexual reproduction
mitosis cell division
Briefly explain the two steps. - Answer asexual, he cell division of eukaryotic cells by which
organisms grow or increase in number
-- During mitosis (nuclear division), the nucleus of the cell and the chromosomes divide. Each
daughter nucleus receives one copy of each of the replicated chromosomes of the parent cell
[Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase]
-- During Cytokinesis, cytoplasm is divided roughly equally between the two daughter cells, and
one daughter nucleus enters each of the daughter cells
meiosis cell division
Briefly explain the steps. - Answer sexual, occurs in animal ovaries and testes and is a
prerequisite for sexual reproduction in all eukaryotic organisms (prophase I and prophase II)
-- involves a specialized nuclear division (meiosis) and two rounds of cytokinesis
-Two divisional steps produce four daughter cells that can become gametes
-Daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell and from each other
-Each daughter cell has half the genetic material of the parent cell
Mitosis allows organisms to.... - Answer growth, maintenance, repair, and regeneration of
body parts
What are the three categories of cells in most multicellular organisms? - Answer -- Stem
cells: self renewal, ability to differentiate (liver cells is kinda an example)
-- Permanently differentiated cells: differentiate then never divide again (EX: heart, brain)
-- Other cells capable of dividing
stem cells - Answer two important characteristics:
-- self-renewal
-- ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types
[ when a stem cell divides, usually one daughter remains a stem cell, thus continuing the line;
the other daughter eventually differentiates ]
