CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND
ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE
CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
● general appearance assessment. Answer: Level of consciousness
Orientation x 3
Emotional state Ability to cooperate Presence or absence of dyspnea or
orthopnea
Sputum production
Work of breathing
● Inspection assessment. Answer: General appearance
Peripheral edema
diaphoresis
digital clubbing
cyanosis
● inspection of the chest configuration: pectus excavatum. Answer: a
chest that is caved in (depressions for sternum)
● pectus carinatum (pigeon chest). Answer: sternum is protruding;
comes to a point (limit amount of area the lungs can expand in the chest)
, ● percusion of chest (inspection). Answer: bilateral tapping of the chest
from top to bottom.
Normal chest resonance sound is loud in low pitch and long in duration
Tapping on watermelon
● dull sound during percussion. Answer: pleural effusion, atelectasis and
consolidation
knocking a full barrel
● Hyperresonant to percussion. Answer: Pneumothorax (unilateral),
COPD, asthma
knocking on an empty barrel
● diaphragmatic movement. Answer: Normally both diaphragms move
down.
done to maximal inspiration and expiration
percussion of emphysema where hyperinflation
● inspection of breathing pattern. Answer: Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Orthopnea
Hypopnea
ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE
CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
● general appearance assessment. Answer: Level of consciousness
Orientation x 3
Emotional state Ability to cooperate Presence or absence of dyspnea or
orthopnea
Sputum production
Work of breathing
● Inspection assessment. Answer: General appearance
Peripheral edema
diaphoresis
digital clubbing
cyanosis
● inspection of the chest configuration: pectus excavatum. Answer: a
chest that is caved in (depressions for sternum)
● pectus carinatum (pigeon chest). Answer: sternum is protruding;
comes to a point (limit amount of area the lungs can expand in the chest)
, ● percusion of chest (inspection). Answer: bilateral tapping of the chest
from top to bottom.
Normal chest resonance sound is loud in low pitch and long in duration
Tapping on watermelon
● dull sound during percussion. Answer: pleural effusion, atelectasis and
consolidation
knocking a full barrel
● Hyperresonant to percussion. Answer: Pneumothorax (unilateral),
COPD, asthma
knocking on an empty barrel
● diaphragmatic movement. Answer: Normally both diaphragms move
down.
done to maximal inspiration and expiration
percussion of emphysema where hyperinflation
● inspection of breathing pattern. Answer: Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Orthopnea
Hypopnea
