WGU D268 RRM3 FINAL TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ external (generalizing validity).
Answer: generalize results TO/ACROSS POPULATIONS of persons,
settings, times, outcomes and treatment variations
◍ 2 Types of Quantitative Research Methods.
Answer: 1. experimental research2. non-experimental research
◍ ontology (mixed research).
Answer: nature of reality/truth- pluralism- appreciation of objective-
subjective- intersubjective realities and their interrelations
◍ criterion of falsifiability.
Answer: there must be two sorts of possible outcomes for empirical
research:1. outcomes that would support (or confirm) the theory2. outcomes
that would not support (not confirm) the theory**researchers should not
selectively search for confirming evidence for their beliefs and explanations,
and then stop with only that so-called evidence. **good researchers
carefully search for and examine any negative evidence that operates against
their beliefs, research conclusions, and theoretical explanations
◍ Design of Quantitative Studies.
Answer: Independent/dependent variables need to be related, internal
validity and external validity
◍ sample relationship criterion.
Answer: the sample relationship criterion of the quantitative and qualitative
samples results in for major types:1. identical2. parallel3. nested4.
multilevel
,◍ commensurability approximation validity (mixed research).
Answer: the degree to which meta-inferences made in a mixed research
study reflect a mixed worldview
◍ limitations of qualitative research.
Answer: 1. KNOWLEDGE PRODUCED MIGHT NOT GENERALIZE to
other people or other settings (i.e. findings might be unique to the relatively
few people included in the research study)2. it is DIFFICULT TO MAKE
QUANTITATIVE PREDICTIONS3. it is more DIFFICULT TO TEST
hypotheses and theories with large participant pools4. the study might have
LESS CREDIBILITY with some administrators and commissioners of
programs5. COLLECTING DATA GENERALLY TAKES MORE TIME
than with quantitative research6. data analysis is often
TIME-CONSUMING7. the RESULTS ARE MORE EASILY
INFLUENCED by the researcher's personal biases and idiosyncrasies
◍ statistical conclusion (magnitude of relationship).
Answer: whether relationship EXISTS BETWEEN independent and
dependent VARIABLES- MAGNITUDE OF RELATIONSHIP between the
independent and dependent variables
◍ variable (definition).
Answer: condition or characteristic that can take on different values or
categories
◍ generalize.
Answer: researchers make statements about the population based on their
study of the sample
◍ quantitative research questions.
Answer: is a questions about the relationship that exists between two or
more variables*common forms are:- descriptive - seek to answer questions
such as "how much?" "how often?" or "what changes over time or over
different situations" // can also seek to identify the degree of relationship
that exists between two or more variables- predictive - ask wether one or
, more variables can be used to predict some future outcome- causal -
compare different variations of some phenomenon to identify the cause of
something
◍ sampling.
Answer: is the process of drawing a sample from a population
◍ synchronous communication.
Answer: communication that occurs in real time. The person sends a
message and receives feedback in real-time.
◍ multilevel.
Answer: - using quantitative and qualitative samples obtained from
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF POPULATION on studyex. for study on reading
and attitudes, use students for quantitative phase, and teachers/parents for
qualitative phase
◍ dynamic systems.
Answer: attention is paid to process. researcher assumes change is ongoing
whether the focus is on an individual, an organization, a community, or an
entire culture; therefore, the researcher is mindful of - and attentive to -
system and situational dynamics
◍ variable.
Answer: a condition or characteristic that can take on different values or
categories such as age, grade point average, test scores, and gender
◍ voice, perspective, and reflexibity.
Answer: the qualitative analyst owns and is reflective about her or his own
voice and perspective; a credible voice conveys authenticity and
trustworthiness. Complete objectivity being impossible and pure subjectivity
under-minding credibility, the researcher's focus is on balance -
understanding and depicting the world authentically in all its complexity
while being self-analytical, politically aware, and reflexive in consciousness.
◍ action plan.
Answer: detailed plan of who does what when, and how they are to do it
, ◍ narrative inquiry.
Answer: purpose: describing people's lives/stories to add to our
understandingorigin: human storytelling & educationdata collection and
analysis: multiple conversations with a participant and inquiry into related
artifacts and documents are used to gain understanding and retell stories of
experienceresearch report: narrative account including patterns, connections,
and insights uncovered and carefully synthesized
◍ methods of data collection.
Answer: tests, questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observation,
constructed and secondary or existing data
◍ How to determine if influence is the primary objective of a research study.
Answer: ask yourself these questions:1. Were the researchers applying
research knowledge to MAKE SOMETHING USEFUL HAPPEN in the
world?2. Were the researchers checking a "DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAM" to see if it works in practice?
◍ basic assumptions of science.
Answer: 1. there is a world that can be STUDIED. this can included
studying the INNER WORLDS of individuals2. some of the world is
UNIQUE, some of it is regular or PREDICTABLE, and much of it is
DYNAMIC AND COMPLEX3. The unique, the regular, and the complex in
the world all can be EXAMINED AND STUDIED by researchers4.
researchers should try to follow certain AGREED-UPON NORMS AND
PRACTICES5. it is possible to distinguish between MORE AND LESS
PLAUSIBLE CLAIMS and between GOOD AND POOR RESEARCH6.
SCIENCE CANNOT PROVIDE ANSWERS TO ALL QUESTIONS
◍ Qualitative research focus.
Answer: wide angle and deep angle lens, examining breadth and depth of
phenomena, NOT interested in generalizing beyond individuals/groups
studied
◍ quantitative research (what is it?).
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ external (generalizing validity).
Answer: generalize results TO/ACROSS POPULATIONS of persons,
settings, times, outcomes and treatment variations
◍ 2 Types of Quantitative Research Methods.
Answer: 1. experimental research2. non-experimental research
◍ ontology (mixed research).
Answer: nature of reality/truth- pluralism- appreciation of objective-
subjective- intersubjective realities and their interrelations
◍ criterion of falsifiability.
Answer: there must be two sorts of possible outcomes for empirical
research:1. outcomes that would support (or confirm) the theory2. outcomes
that would not support (not confirm) the theory**researchers should not
selectively search for confirming evidence for their beliefs and explanations,
and then stop with only that so-called evidence. **good researchers
carefully search for and examine any negative evidence that operates against
their beliefs, research conclusions, and theoretical explanations
◍ Design of Quantitative Studies.
Answer: Independent/dependent variables need to be related, internal
validity and external validity
◍ sample relationship criterion.
Answer: the sample relationship criterion of the quantitative and qualitative
samples results in for major types:1. identical2. parallel3. nested4.
multilevel
,◍ commensurability approximation validity (mixed research).
Answer: the degree to which meta-inferences made in a mixed research
study reflect a mixed worldview
◍ limitations of qualitative research.
Answer: 1. KNOWLEDGE PRODUCED MIGHT NOT GENERALIZE to
other people or other settings (i.e. findings might be unique to the relatively
few people included in the research study)2. it is DIFFICULT TO MAKE
QUANTITATIVE PREDICTIONS3. it is more DIFFICULT TO TEST
hypotheses and theories with large participant pools4. the study might have
LESS CREDIBILITY with some administrators and commissioners of
programs5. COLLECTING DATA GENERALLY TAKES MORE TIME
than with quantitative research6. data analysis is often
TIME-CONSUMING7. the RESULTS ARE MORE EASILY
INFLUENCED by the researcher's personal biases and idiosyncrasies
◍ statistical conclusion (magnitude of relationship).
Answer: whether relationship EXISTS BETWEEN independent and
dependent VARIABLES- MAGNITUDE OF RELATIONSHIP between the
independent and dependent variables
◍ variable (definition).
Answer: condition or characteristic that can take on different values or
categories
◍ generalize.
Answer: researchers make statements about the population based on their
study of the sample
◍ quantitative research questions.
Answer: is a questions about the relationship that exists between two or
more variables*common forms are:- descriptive - seek to answer questions
such as "how much?" "how often?" or "what changes over time or over
different situations" // can also seek to identify the degree of relationship
that exists between two or more variables- predictive - ask wether one or
, more variables can be used to predict some future outcome- causal -
compare different variations of some phenomenon to identify the cause of
something
◍ sampling.
Answer: is the process of drawing a sample from a population
◍ synchronous communication.
Answer: communication that occurs in real time. The person sends a
message and receives feedback in real-time.
◍ multilevel.
Answer: - using quantitative and qualitative samples obtained from
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF POPULATION on studyex. for study on reading
and attitudes, use students for quantitative phase, and teachers/parents for
qualitative phase
◍ dynamic systems.
Answer: attention is paid to process. researcher assumes change is ongoing
whether the focus is on an individual, an organization, a community, or an
entire culture; therefore, the researcher is mindful of - and attentive to -
system and situational dynamics
◍ variable.
Answer: a condition or characteristic that can take on different values or
categories such as age, grade point average, test scores, and gender
◍ voice, perspective, and reflexibity.
Answer: the qualitative analyst owns and is reflective about her or his own
voice and perspective; a credible voice conveys authenticity and
trustworthiness. Complete objectivity being impossible and pure subjectivity
under-minding credibility, the researcher's focus is on balance -
understanding and depicting the world authentically in all its complexity
while being self-analytical, politically aware, and reflexive in consciousness.
◍ action plan.
Answer: detailed plan of who does what when, and how they are to do it
, ◍ narrative inquiry.
Answer: purpose: describing people's lives/stories to add to our
understandingorigin: human storytelling & educationdata collection and
analysis: multiple conversations with a participant and inquiry into related
artifacts and documents are used to gain understanding and retell stories of
experienceresearch report: narrative account including patterns, connections,
and insights uncovered and carefully synthesized
◍ methods of data collection.
Answer: tests, questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observation,
constructed and secondary or existing data
◍ How to determine if influence is the primary objective of a research study.
Answer: ask yourself these questions:1. Were the researchers applying
research knowledge to MAKE SOMETHING USEFUL HAPPEN in the
world?2. Were the researchers checking a "DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAM" to see if it works in practice?
◍ basic assumptions of science.
Answer: 1. there is a world that can be STUDIED. this can included
studying the INNER WORLDS of individuals2. some of the world is
UNIQUE, some of it is regular or PREDICTABLE, and much of it is
DYNAMIC AND COMPLEX3. The unique, the regular, and the complex in
the world all can be EXAMINED AND STUDIED by researchers4.
researchers should try to follow certain AGREED-UPON NORMS AND
PRACTICES5. it is possible to distinguish between MORE AND LESS
PLAUSIBLE CLAIMS and between GOOD AND POOR RESEARCH6.
SCIENCE CANNOT PROVIDE ANSWERS TO ALL QUESTIONS
◍ Qualitative research focus.
Answer: wide angle and deep angle lens, examining breadth and depth of
phenomena, NOT interested in generalizing beyond individuals/groups
studied
◍ quantitative research (what is it?).
