Mieh 300 Midterm Exam Questions
And Answers
/. What is Environment - Answer-all that is external to the individual host. It can be
divided into physical, chemical, biological, social, cultural factors, any or all of which can
influence health status in populations
/.What is Health? - Answer-State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
/.What is Environmental Health? - Answer-Theory and practice of assessing, correcting,
controlling and preventing factors in the environment that can adversely affect the
health of present and future generations
/.Factors responsible for community health - Answer-Individual factors, individual
behaviors, public services & infrastructures, living & working conditions, social &
economic & political factors
/.Environmental Health Factors - Answer-Chemical, physical, biological, social/cultural
/.Exposure - Answer-the contact between an agent and a receptor. The contact takes
place at an exposure surface over an exposure period
/.Exposure science - Answer-the study of human contact with chemical, physical, or
biological agents occurring in their environments
/.Exposure assessment - Answer-Determination or estimation of the magnitude,
frequency, duration, and route of exposure; characterization of exposed population;
characterization of uncertainty
/.Agent - Answer-any chemical, biological, or physical stressor capable of eliciting a
biological response
/.Medium - Answer-the environmental medium in which agent is found (air, soil, water,
food)
/.Pathway - Answer-the course an agent takes from the source to the receptor
/.Route - Answer-the way an agent enters a receptor after contact (e.g. by ingestion,
inhalation, dermal application)
, /.single agent/stressor exposure - Answer-exposure of a receptor to a single specific
agent or stressor in one environmental medium and one route of exposure
/.Aggregate exposure - Answer-the combined exposure of a receptor to a specific agent
or stressor from all sources across all routes and pathways
/.Cumulative exposure - Answer-The total exposure of a receptor to multiple agents
and/or stressors by multiple routes/pathways
/.Applications of Exposure Assessment - Answer-Understand the role of environmental
exposure in the etiology of disease
Support risk assessment
Identify and characterize susceptible populations
Tracking of environmental exposure
/.Environmental Health Paradigm - Answer-1) pollution sources and environmental
concentrations
2)Fate and transport
Human susceptibility
3)Human exposure
Human susceptibility
4)Internal dose
Human susceptibility
5)Biologically effective dose
Human susceptibility
6)Health Effect
/.Populations of concern for environmental exposures - Answer-Workers, children,
infants, pregnant women, elderly
/.Hierarchy of Exposure data - Answer-1) Quantitative personal dosimeter measuring or
biomonitoring (BEST)
2) Quantitative ambient measurements invicinity of residence or activity
3) Quantitative surrogates of exposure (e.g. estimates of drinking water or food
consumption)
4) Residence or employment in proximity of source of exposure
5) Residence or employment in general geographic area (POOREST)
/.Biomarkers - Answer-An indicator of changes or events in biological systems
/.Biomarkers of exposure - Answer-quantitative measures of chemicals or their
metabolites in human tissues or specimens e.g. blood lead levels
/.biomarkers of susceptibility - Answer-quantitative measurements of underlying
susceptibility to an environmental agent e.g genetic polymorphism
And Answers
/. What is Environment - Answer-all that is external to the individual host. It can be
divided into physical, chemical, biological, social, cultural factors, any or all of which can
influence health status in populations
/.What is Health? - Answer-State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
/.What is Environmental Health? - Answer-Theory and practice of assessing, correcting,
controlling and preventing factors in the environment that can adversely affect the
health of present and future generations
/.Factors responsible for community health - Answer-Individual factors, individual
behaviors, public services & infrastructures, living & working conditions, social &
economic & political factors
/.Environmental Health Factors - Answer-Chemical, physical, biological, social/cultural
/.Exposure - Answer-the contact between an agent and a receptor. The contact takes
place at an exposure surface over an exposure period
/.Exposure science - Answer-the study of human contact with chemical, physical, or
biological agents occurring in their environments
/.Exposure assessment - Answer-Determination or estimation of the magnitude,
frequency, duration, and route of exposure; characterization of exposed population;
characterization of uncertainty
/.Agent - Answer-any chemical, biological, or physical stressor capable of eliciting a
biological response
/.Medium - Answer-the environmental medium in which agent is found (air, soil, water,
food)
/.Pathway - Answer-the course an agent takes from the source to the receptor
/.Route - Answer-the way an agent enters a receptor after contact (e.g. by ingestion,
inhalation, dermal application)
, /.single agent/stressor exposure - Answer-exposure of a receptor to a single specific
agent or stressor in one environmental medium and one route of exposure
/.Aggregate exposure - Answer-the combined exposure of a receptor to a specific agent
or stressor from all sources across all routes and pathways
/.Cumulative exposure - Answer-The total exposure of a receptor to multiple agents
and/or stressors by multiple routes/pathways
/.Applications of Exposure Assessment - Answer-Understand the role of environmental
exposure in the etiology of disease
Support risk assessment
Identify and characterize susceptible populations
Tracking of environmental exposure
/.Environmental Health Paradigm - Answer-1) pollution sources and environmental
concentrations
2)Fate and transport
Human susceptibility
3)Human exposure
Human susceptibility
4)Internal dose
Human susceptibility
5)Biologically effective dose
Human susceptibility
6)Health Effect
/.Populations of concern for environmental exposures - Answer-Workers, children,
infants, pregnant women, elderly
/.Hierarchy of Exposure data - Answer-1) Quantitative personal dosimeter measuring or
biomonitoring (BEST)
2) Quantitative ambient measurements invicinity of residence or activity
3) Quantitative surrogates of exposure (e.g. estimates of drinking water or food
consumption)
4) Residence or employment in proximity of source of exposure
5) Residence or employment in general geographic area (POOREST)
/.Biomarkers - Answer-An indicator of changes or events in biological systems
/.Biomarkers of exposure - Answer-quantitative measures of chemicals or their
metabolites in human tissues or specimens e.g. blood lead levels
/.biomarkers of susceptibility - Answer-quantitative measurements of underlying
susceptibility to an environmental agent e.g genetic polymorphism
