Psychology 101 exam 2 study guide questions
and answers 2026\2027 A+ Grade
Define Classical Conditioning
- correct answer Learning through association -- Form of learning which a previously neutral stimulus
(CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) that is identical
to or very similar to the unconditioned response(UCR)
Five significant elements of Classical Conditioning:
- correct answer 1- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Stimulus that can elicit a response without learning.
EX. Meat powder.
2- Unconditioned Response (UR): Unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus. EX.
Salivation resulting from meat powder.
3- Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus that doesn't elicit any particular response. EX. Metronome
4- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response as a result of
being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. EX. Metronome now causes dog to salivate.
5- Conditioned Response (CR): Response that is similar or identical to unconditioned response that
occurs as a result of learning. EX. Dog salivating in response to metronome.
Pavlov's Experiment:
- correct answer US----------------------------UR
(food) (salivation)
+
NS----------------------------UR
(bell) (salivation)
CS-----------------------------CR
(bell) (salivation)
, Define operant conditioning
- correct answer Learning from the consequences of behavior.
Form of learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its
occurrence.
Three ways in which consequences influence our behavior:
- correct answer 1. Positive reinforcement: (giving something positive)
The consequences of a behavior are positive so the behavior occurs more frequently
* Primary reinforcers: do not have to be acquired through learning
*Secondary reinforcers: are acquired through learning
2. Negative reinforcement: (take something negative away)
Reinforcement that occurs because of the removal or avoidance of a negative event
* Escape conditioning: remove/eliminate a negative event
* Avoidance conditioning: avoid a negative event
3. Punishment: (give something negative or take away something positive)
The consequences of a behavior are negative so the behavior occurs less frequently
Dangers:
*can be confusing or misleading
*can be too extreme
*never mix reinforcement and punishment for same behavior
Guidelines for the use of punishment:
- correct answer 1. do not use physical punishment
2. punish the inappropriate behavior immediately
3. positively reinforce appropriate behavior to take the place of the inappropriate behavior
4. punish specific behaviors
5. do not mix punishment with rewards for the same behavior
and answers 2026\2027 A+ Grade
Define Classical Conditioning
- correct answer Learning through association -- Form of learning which a previously neutral stimulus
(CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) that is identical
to or very similar to the unconditioned response(UCR)
Five significant elements of Classical Conditioning:
- correct answer 1- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Stimulus that can elicit a response without learning.
EX. Meat powder.
2- Unconditioned Response (UR): Unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus. EX.
Salivation resulting from meat powder.
3- Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus that doesn't elicit any particular response. EX. Metronome
4- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response as a result of
being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. EX. Metronome now causes dog to salivate.
5- Conditioned Response (CR): Response that is similar or identical to unconditioned response that
occurs as a result of learning. EX. Dog salivating in response to metronome.
Pavlov's Experiment:
- correct answer US----------------------------UR
(food) (salivation)
+
NS----------------------------UR
(bell) (salivation)
CS-----------------------------CR
(bell) (salivation)
, Define operant conditioning
- correct answer Learning from the consequences of behavior.
Form of learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its
occurrence.
Three ways in which consequences influence our behavior:
- correct answer 1. Positive reinforcement: (giving something positive)
The consequences of a behavior are positive so the behavior occurs more frequently
* Primary reinforcers: do not have to be acquired through learning
*Secondary reinforcers: are acquired through learning
2. Negative reinforcement: (take something negative away)
Reinforcement that occurs because of the removal or avoidance of a negative event
* Escape conditioning: remove/eliminate a negative event
* Avoidance conditioning: avoid a negative event
3. Punishment: (give something negative or take away something positive)
The consequences of a behavior are negative so the behavior occurs less frequently
Dangers:
*can be confusing or misleading
*can be too extreme
*never mix reinforcement and punishment for same behavior
Guidelines for the use of punishment:
- correct answer 1. do not use physical punishment
2. punish the inappropriate behavior immediately
3. positively reinforce appropriate behavior to take the place of the inappropriate behavior
4. punish specific behaviors
5. do not mix punishment with rewards for the same behavior
