NURS 1112 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

NURS 1112 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Nutrition - Answers The degree of balance between nutrient intake and nutrient requirements Nutritional Status - Answers Balance between nutritional intake and nutritional requirments Altered by non - adjustable factors Optimal nutritional status - Answers Nutrients match daily requirements and increased demands during growth, pregnancy or illness Undernutrition - Answers Depleted nutritional reserves to meet daily requirements Over nutrition - Answers Consumption (fat/cals/CHO) in excess of daily requirements The big 3 macros are - Answers Carbohydrates - saccharins, simple or complex, free, insoluble or soluble, glycemic index Proteins - essential and nonessential AA, proteins, nitrogen balance Fats- Triglycerodes, fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, fatty acids, cholesterol Essential nutrients - Answers Water - cell depend on fluid environment, body temp, solvent Vitamins - essential to metabolism, antioxidant, fat soluble, water soluble. Minerals - catalysts for biochemical reactions, macro minerals, micro minerals Canadas food guide says... - Answers Half a plate of veggies Quarter plate of protein Quarter plate of whole grains Who is impacted by nutrition - Answers Gaining population Social isolation Preschool or daycare Disability Socioeconomic status Overweight and obesity Development of infants... - Answers Most rapid growth period is birth to 4 months Doubles by 4 months, triples by 1 year Brain size increases rapidly Breastfeeding recommended up to 6 months (EXCEPT VIT D) Solids after 6 months Development Adolecense - Answers Rapid growth and endocrine and hormonal changes, energy and protein requirements to meet demands Rapid bone growth and increasing muscle mass - calcium and iron requirements increase Adolescent boys grow taller and accumulate less body fat then girls Societal importance - many feel pressured to diet or dissatisfied with appearance Pressure to lose weight - eating disorders, steroid use, exercise dependence Development - adulthood - Answers Growth and nutrient requirements stabilize •Lifestyle factors, use of tobacco, stress, lack of physical activity, excessive alcohol intake, diets high in saturated fat, cholesterol, salt, sugar, low in fibre can contribute to hypertension, obesity, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus and some forms of cancer •Needs based nutritional education •Prevention of excessive weight and obesity •Regular healthy meals, less snacks, more activity as tolerated Developmental considerations - Answers Prone to under- and overnutrition - poor physical or mental health, social isolation, limited functional ability, poverty, polypharmacy all risk factors •Age 50 - energy requirements decrease for 5% per decade •Decreased metabolic rate, inactive lifestyle - overnutrition, obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease •Normal physiological changes affecting nutritional status include poor dentition, decreased visual acuity, decreased saliva production, slowed gastro-intestinal motility, decreased gastro-intestinal absorption, diminished olfactory and taste sensitivity (smell may change and taste preferences may change)(tea & toast) •SES can adversely influence nutritional status •Other contributing factors - Decline in number of extended family and available support systems, suitable eating environment, grocery stores, income, medications (interaction), synthesis of Vit. D decreases (eg. High BP meds - no grapefruit) Food security - Answers Income, lone-parent, social assistance recipients, Indigenous people living off-reserve (one in 5 is food insecure - 3 times higher than non-Indigenous households) •Access to culturally appropriate foods •Food insecurity linked to unhealthy weights (energy dense foods) •Cultural heritage and eating customs - occupation, SES status, religion, gender, and health awareness have a great impact on eating practices and access to culturally appropriate foods Cultural diversity - Answers New immigrants and refugees at risk d/t poverty, poor sanitation, war, or political strife •General undernutrition associated with diarrhea, lactose intolerance, osteomalacia (soft bones), scurvy and dental caries •Arriving to Canada - new language, new culture, unfamiliar foods, food storage requirements and facilities, food preparation difficulties, food-buying habits, hard to obtain, limited income. •Lower percentage of immigrant youth and young adults overweight or obese Frequency and number of meals eaten away from home, form and content of ceremonial meals, food preparation methods, amount and type of foods eaten, regularity of food consumption, ceremonial fasting - nutritional assessment tools insufficient •Cultural food preferences often related to religious dietary beliefs Nutrition assessment - Answers Purpose: •Identify individual nutritional requirements •Provide information for designing a nutrition plan of care that will optimize nutrition/meet requirements (educating - find out what they know) •Establish baseline data for evaluating efficacy of nutrition plan and care Subjective Data •Medical history, symptoms, dietary intake, psychosocial, behavioral, and functional factors, food and nutrition knowledge, readiness for potential change Objective Data •anthropometric measurements (weight, BMI, Waist-Hip ratio), biochemical measurements (creatinine, albumin, protein, transferrin) Nutritional assessment tools - 24hr recall - Answers May not be able to remember type or amount of food eaten •Intake in past 24 hours may be atypical •May alter information for a variety of reasons •Snack items and use of condiments may be under-reported or omitted Nutritional assessment tools - food frequency questionnaire - Answers Does not quantify amount of food eaten •Relies on the individual's memory Nutritional assessment tools - food daily records - Answers Most accurate when food recorded immediately after eating Challenges: •Nonadherence •Inaccurate recording •Atypical intake on the recording days •Conscious alteration of diet during the recording period •Photos may be used, but validity of new technologies unclear Nutritional assessment - direct observation observing typical feeding teqniques - Answers Interaction between the individual and caregiver can be of value in assessing failure to thrive in children or unintentional weight loss in older adults Issues involving obesity - Answers Global epidemic •Linked to diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer •More commonly suffer from chronic conditions •70% of obese individuals suffer from at least one other major health problem •Social and economic factors •Genetic, environmental and psychological components •Tailor education to the individual that will lead to more positive outcomes (mutual, involved in planning) •Central obesity visceral fat within central abdominal area associated with increased risk for diabetes, stroke, hypertension and cardiovascular disease The mouth - Answers Oral Cavity: •bordered by lips, palate, cheeks, and tongue •contains teeth, gums, tongue, & salivary glands •tongue has the ability to change shape & position and this enhances teeth cleansing, speech, & taste sensation •the salivary glands secrete clear fluid (saliva) that moistens food, initiates digestion,& cleans & protects the mucosa (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) Teeth: •32 permanent in 3 parts: crown, neck, & root •Gums also know as gingivae The throat - Answers Pharynx •Transfer food from mouth to esophagus •Warm, moisten, and filter air before it moves to trachea •Contributes to sound resonance Tonsils •Protective function to prevent entry of pathogens through nasal & oral route 3 main processes are.. - Answers Digestion, absorption, elimination Critical thought - Answers What do I know about this patient? •What is the situation now? •How might it change? •What is the patient's perspective on the situation? •In what way will a specific therapy/intervention improve the situation? •What health outcomes are important to the patient? •How can I work towards the outcome? Abdominal - subjective - Answers •Common Concerns and Injuries •Past History •Personal •Family •Lifestyle •Age related changes Objective assessment of the abdominen - Answers IAPP Inspection - abdominal - Answers Contour (eye level) - flat, scaphoid, rounded, protuberant •Symmetry (bilateral) - bulging, visible mass, asymmetrical shape (deep breath to highlight) •Umbilicus - discoloration, inflammation, or hernia, piercing, everted •Skin - smooth, even, colour, striae, lesions, scars, veins •Pulsation or Movement - may see from aorta, respiratory movements, waves of peristalsis •Hair Distribution - pattern (different for males and females) •Demeanour - relaxed, facial expression, even respirations Ausculation - abdominal - Answers •Bowel Sounds • Character (pitch) • Frequency •Intensity Percussion - abdominal - Answers Assesses relative density of abdominal contents, to locate organs, and to screen for abnormal fluid or masses •Tympany (hollow, drum-like gas containing cavity) •Dullness (solid structures/organs) - determine prevailing amount of tympany and dullness Palpation - abdominal - Answers Light or Deep • Light palpation (1 cm) Nursing responsibilities for nutrition - Answers Ensure appropriate diet Monitor patient - are they tolerating Assessing intake and output Monitor bowel movements Be aware of : allergies, restrictions, presentation and prep., assist w eating, monitoring intake Diets to consider - Answers Diet as tolerated (Wellness Diet) •Nothing by mouth (NPO) •Clear fluids •Full fluids •Soft/ Low residue •Pureed •Sodium restriction •Fluid restriction Feeding assessment - Answers Level of alertness •Management of saliva •Coughing or gurgling during feeding •Change in tone or quality after swallowing •Movements of the mouth, tongue, lips •Swallowing after chewing •Watch for regurgitation Dysphasia - Answers Difficulty swallowing related to a nerve, muscle, or mental health cause •Risk for aspiration •Consult often with Speech and Language pathologist •High Fowler's •Chin tilted forward/down •Thickened liquids •Small bites •Place food on "strong side" •Turn head toward weaker side •Double swallow •Don't rush •Oral care after meal •Can be painful Enteral tube feeding - Answers Enteral nutrition: •Nutrients given via the gastrointestinal tract • Feeding tubes Initiating enteral tube feedings (2nd year) •Insertion and verification of placement •Types and preparation of formulas •Preventing complications Nasogastric tube: Inserted in nares to reach the stomach Nasojejunal tube: inserted into the nares to reach jejunum Gastronomy tube: directly into the stomach Jejunostomy tube: directly into the jejunum Parenteral nutrition - Answers •For of specialized nutrition support in which nutrients are provided to patients intravenously •Administered to patients who are unable to digest or absorb enteral nutrition •Administration: peripheral or through a central line •Initiating parenteral nutrition •Preventing complications Intake and output lab - Answers Fluid Balance: record of intake and output of fluid •Evaluation of patient's fluid and electrolyte balance to allow prompt intervention and correct imbalances Intake: what patients drink, how much •Tube feeds, IV, oral intake - 2 liters - 2000 ml/day liquid, food •Inadequate fluid leads to dehydration which can affect cardiac and renal function and electrolyte management Output: all waste exiting the body •Emesis, liquid stool, ostomy, diarrhea, wound draining, blood, gastric & respiratory suction, urine, sweating •Inadequate urine production can lead to volume overload, renal failure and electrolyte toxicity. The normal range of urine output is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day •Output can alert you to major problems overlooked on physical exam. Following shock, hypotension, or rapid fall in blood pressure, compromises kidneys function and can lead to long term kidney damage=decreased output Intake and output - How - Answers Measure and record all intake and output at least every 8 hours