Abnormal Psychology: Current Psychotherapies Test Bank 10th Edition Study Guide 2026 Updated | Key Points & Questions

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Chapter 1
Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies
Authors: Frank Dumont


Key Points and Terms


Evolution of the Science and Profession of Psychology


Early attempts to address mental disorders include:
► Pre-Christian, temple-like asklepeia and other
retreat centers, which used religio- philosophical
lectures, to assuage if not remedy psychological
disorders.
► Hellenist physicians understood that the brain was
not only the seat of knowledge and learning but also
the source of depression, delirium, and madness.
► Hippocrates insisted that his students address illnesses by natural means.


Psychotherapy in its present guise did not clearly emerge
until the 18th century. Below are some key players:
► Scientific study of the unconscious attributed to
renowned polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz:
 Investigated subliminal perceptions



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 Coined the term “dynamic”
► Johann Friedrich Herbart:
 Attempted to apply mathematics to dynamics
 Suggested ideas struggle with one another to access consciousness
► Franz Anton Mesmer and his disciple the Marquis de
Puysegur are influential in current understanding of:
 hypnotherapy
 rapport between therapist and patient
 influence of the unconscious
 importance of the qualities of the therapist
 spontaneous remission of disorders
 hypnotic somnambulism
 selective function of unconscious memory
 role of patient confidence
 common factors across effective treatments
► Arthur Schopenhauer
 Work strongly influenced Freud
► Gustav T. Fechner
 Made distinction between waking and sleeping states
 Attempted to measure the intensity of psychic stimulation
► Herman von Helmholtz
 Discovered the phenomenon of unconscious inference
► Emil Kraepelin
 Attention to classifying diseases
► Carl Gustav Carus


Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies 1

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 Developed one of the most sophisticated
schemas the unconscious that exist,
describing several levels to the unconscious
 Felt individuals were communicating at
conscious and unconscious levels with each
other in paravocal, nonverbal, organic, and
affective modes in ways individuals were
largely unaware of
► Carus Schopenhauer
 Principal argument was that we are driven
by blind, irrational forces of which we are
largely unaware
► Friedrich Nietzsche
 Viewed that humans lie to themselves more than they do to each other
► Moritz Benedikt
 Developed concept of seeking out and
clinically purging “pathogenic secrets”


The Impact of Biological Science on Psychotherapy




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Every encounter with our environment causes a change
within us and in our neural functioning. One cannot
unlearn knowledge unless neuronal decay and lesions undo
memory.


Klaus Grawe has noted that “psychotherapy appears to
achieve its effect through changes in gene expression at the
neuronal level.” And research shows that therapy may be
effective through triggering the expression of immediate-
early genes (IEGs) through exposure to nurturant social
events.


Much of the plasticity in our neuro-emotional systems is achieved through epigenetic
changes.


In the current age of psychopharmacology, medicating
patients for psychological purposes should require clear,
preset clinical objectives.


Future developments in molecular genetic analysis,
cognitive neuropsychology, and social cognitive
neuroscience will continue to inform psychotherapy.


Clashing Standpoints
 Gillath, Adams, and Kunkel (2012) provide a model
for uniting disparate approaches to study of human
nature.
 Resolution can be achieved through systemic
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