CNUR 300 KEY REVISION FINAL STUDY PAPER
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Pro-drugs definition. Answer: Drug that must 1st be conjugated to
become active
◉ There are 4 main compartments the medication will be
distributed to? Answer: -Blood
-Fat
-Extracellular Fluid
-Intracellular fluid
◉ •There are also several minor compartments? Answer: -CSF
-Peritoneum
Synovial fluid
◉ hydrophilic drugs? Answer: cant reach sites as easily/well as
lipophilic
◉ benedryl is an example of? Answer: lipophilic med (works really
well and fast)
,◉ claritin Answer: derivative of benadryl, but it is hydrophilic, so it
doesnt work as fast (doesnt cros BBB) so it can be taken during the
day and the pt wont be sleepy
◉ premature babies are at higher risk for? Answer: drug toxicity,
because their BBB is not developed well yet
◉ the bigger transporter for blood and medications? Answer:
albumin - all older people have lower albumin, so they can have
toxicity more easily.
◉ Plasma protein binding and drug availability Answer: (a) drug
exists in a free state or bound to plasma protein; (b) drug-protein
complexes are too large to cross membranes
◉ •Equalization of distribution of a medication to all compartments
is dependent on what factors? Answer: •Permeability (Blood Brain
Barrier)
•pH
•Binding capacity
•Fat solubility of the drug
◉ cyp450 Answer: Enzyme family most important in metabolizing
drugs
,Always available in the liver
Evolved to eliminate toxic chemicals from plants
Function can be altered by alcohol & barbiturates
◉ •Metabolism happens in the? Answer: •liver, lungs, and gut as well
as other areas
◉ CYP450 system happens? Answer: primary in the liver
◉ •50% of meds are metabolized by the? Answer: •CYP3A4 enzyme.
◉ Most drug metabolism takes place in the? Answer: liver
◉ Diseases That Affect Drug Metabolism? Answer: •Liver disease
•Cardiovascular disease
•Thyroid disease
•Malfunctions of the pituitary and adrenal cortex
Inflammatory diseases (infection, cancer, other inflammatory
diseases
◉ Oral Drugs Enter Hepatic Portal Circulation (First-Pass Effect)
Answer: •Drug is absorbed
, •Drug enters hepatic circulation, goes to liver
•Drug is metabolized to inactive form
•Drug is conjugated and leaves liver
•Drug is distributed to general circulation
•Many drugs are rendered inactive by first-pass effect
◉ First-Pass Effect? Answer: Oral Drug Is Metabolized to an Inactive
Form Before It Has an Opportunity to Reach Target Cells
◉ CYP450 Inducers - Crappy GPS (Induce getting Lost!) Answer:
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol(chronic)
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulphonylurea
(will lower the effect of other meds by "accident" or on purpose)
makes it work better!!
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Pro-drugs definition. Answer: Drug that must 1st be conjugated to
become active
◉ There are 4 main compartments the medication will be
distributed to? Answer: -Blood
-Fat
-Extracellular Fluid
-Intracellular fluid
◉ •There are also several minor compartments? Answer: -CSF
-Peritoneum
Synovial fluid
◉ hydrophilic drugs? Answer: cant reach sites as easily/well as
lipophilic
◉ benedryl is an example of? Answer: lipophilic med (works really
well and fast)
,◉ claritin Answer: derivative of benadryl, but it is hydrophilic, so it
doesnt work as fast (doesnt cros BBB) so it can be taken during the
day and the pt wont be sleepy
◉ premature babies are at higher risk for? Answer: drug toxicity,
because their BBB is not developed well yet
◉ the bigger transporter for blood and medications? Answer:
albumin - all older people have lower albumin, so they can have
toxicity more easily.
◉ Plasma protein binding and drug availability Answer: (a) drug
exists in a free state or bound to plasma protein; (b) drug-protein
complexes are too large to cross membranes
◉ •Equalization of distribution of a medication to all compartments
is dependent on what factors? Answer: •Permeability (Blood Brain
Barrier)
•pH
•Binding capacity
•Fat solubility of the drug
◉ cyp450 Answer: Enzyme family most important in metabolizing
drugs
,Always available in the liver
Evolved to eliminate toxic chemicals from plants
Function can be altered by alcohol & barbiturates
◉ •Metabolism happens in the? Answer: •liver, lungs, and gut as well
as other areas
◉ CYP450 system happens? Answer: primary in the liver
◉ •50% of meds are metabolized by the? Answer: •CYP3A4 enzyme.
◉ Most drug metabolism takes place in the? Answer: liver
◉ Diseases That Affect Drug Metabolism? Answer: •Liver disease
•Cardiovascular disease
•Thyroid disease
•Malfunctions of the pituitary and adrenal cortex
Inflammatory diseases (infection, cancer, other inflammatory
diseases
◉ Oral Drugs Enter Hepatic Portal Circulation (First-Pass Effect)
Answer: •Drug is absorbed
, •Drug enters hepatic circulation, goes to liver
•Drug is metabolized to inactive form
•Drug is conjugated and leaves liver
•Drug is distributed to general circulation
•Many drugs are rendered inactive by first-pass effect
◉ First-Pass Effect? Answer: Oral Drug Is Metabolized to an Inactive
Form Before It Has an Opportunity to Reach Target Cells
◉ CYP450 Inducers - Crappy GPS (Induce getting Lost!) Answer:
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol(chronic)
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulphonylurea
(will lower the effect of other meds by "accident" or on purpose)
makes it work better!!
