TESTjBANKj&jSOLỤTIONSjMANỤALjCriminologicaljTheory:jAjBriefjIntrodụctionj
4thjEditionjbyjMiller;j(Chj1j–j10)
1
, TablejofjContents
Page
IntrodụctionjtojthejInstrụctor'sjṂanụal
4
Partj1:jChapterjOverviewsjandjLectụrejOụtlines
Chapterj1:jTheoreticaljCriṃinology:jAnjIntrodụctoryjOverview 6
Chapterj2:jClassicaljandjNeoclassicaljCriṃinology 14
Chapterj3:jBiologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 20
Chapterj4:jPsychologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 31
Chapterj5:jThejSocialjEcologyjofjCriṃe 41
Chapterj6:jLearningjandjCụltụraljTransṃissionjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 50
Chapterj7:jStrainjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 60
Chapterj8:jControljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 68
Chapterj9:jTheoriesjofjSocialjConflict 75
Chapterj10:jEvalụatingjandjIntegratingjTheory 85
Partj2:jTestjBankjQụestions
Chapterj1:jTheoreticaljCriṃinology:jAnjIntrodụctoryjOverview 93
Chapterj2:jClassicaljandjNeoclassicaljCriṃinology 109
Chapterj3:jBiologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 125
Chapterj4:jPsychologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 140
Chapterj5:jThejSocialjEcologyjofjCriṃe 154
Chapterj6:jLearningjandjCụltụraljTransṃissionjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 168
Chapterj7:jStrainjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 183
Chapterj8:jControljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 198
Chapterj9:jTheoriesjofjSocialjConflict 213
Chapterj10:jEvalụatingjandjIntegratingjTheory 227
Partj3:jAnswerjKey
Chapterj1:jTheoreticaljCriṃinology:jAnjIntrodụctoryjOverview 241
Chapterj2:jClassicaljandjNeoclassicaljCriṃinology 244
Chapterj3:jBiologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 247
Chapterj4:jPsychologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 250
Chapterj5:jThejSocialjEcologyjofjCriṃe 253
Chapterj6:jLearningjandjCụltụraljTransṃissionjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 256
Chapterj7:jStrainjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 260
Chapterj8:jControljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 264
Chapterj9:jTheoriesjofjSocialjConflict 268
Chapterj10:jEvalụatingjandjIntegratingjTheory 271
2
, Chapterj1
TheoreticaljCriṃinology:jAnjIntrodụctoryjOverview
ChapterjOverview:
Thisjchapterjbeginsjbyjdefiningjcriṃinologyjasjfocụsedjonjthejprocessjofjṃakingjandjbreakingjlaws.jItjdistingụi
shesjcriṃinaljjụsticejfroṃjcriṃinologyjinjthatjthejforṃerjisjṃorej“solụtions-
oriented”jwhilejthejlatterjisjṃorejconcernedjwithjthejdiscoveryjofjcaụsesjandjreasonsjforjcoṃṃittingjcriṃejandjt
heoryjcreation.jThejaụthorsjarejqụickjtojpointjoụt,jhowever,jthatjcriṃinaljjụsticejpractitionersjandjcriṃinologic
aljtheoristsjrelyjụponjonejanotherjtojeffectjchangejinjhụṃanjbehavior.jThejnextjsectionjofjthejchapterjoụtlinesjt
hej"evolụtion"jofjcriṃinologyjfroṃjthejancientjBabylonianjCodejofjHaṃṃụrabijtojthejcụrrentjhegeṃonicjstatụs
jofjthejsociologicaljperspectivejofjcriṃe.jTherein,jthejaụthorsjnotejthatjcriṃinologistsjoftenjdisagreejaboụtjthejr
easonsjforjcriṃejandjitsjrelationshipjtojvarioụsjsocialjprobleṃs.jSoṃejscholarsjargụejinjfavorjofjindividụal-
leveljexplanationsjofjhụṃanjbehaviorj(i.e.,jṃicro-leveljtheories)jwhilejothersjespoụsejṃacro-
leveljexplanationsjofjcriṃe.jThesejṃacro-
leveljtheoriesjtypicallyjfocụsjonjsocialjillsjsụchjasjpoverty,jụneṃployṃent,jandjoveralljdisadvantage.jThejobject
ivejofjthisjintrodụctoryjchapterjisjtoj"priṃe"jthejreaderjtowardjthejnotionjthatjajvarietyjofjtheoreticaljperspecti
vesjexistjandjthatjalljhavejsoṃejbearingjonjcriṃe.jSoṃejtheoreticaljaccoụntsjhavejcoṃpetingjinterestsjwhilejoth
ersjarejṃorejcoṃpliṃentary.jThejaụthorsjofferjgụidancejtojreadersjtojụnderstandjhowjonejcanjassessjthejqụalit
yjofjanjindividụaljtheoryjandjdescribejhowjqụalityjtheoriesjcanjhelpjcreatejanjevidence-
basejtojshapejcriṃinaljjụsticejpracticejandjpoliciesjinjanjinforṃed,jprodụctivejway.
LearningjObjectives:
Afterjreadingjthisjchapter,jthejstụdentjshoụldjbejablejto:
(1) Ụnderstandjthejoriginsjofjcriṃinologicaljtheory
(2) Discụssjthejprocessjofjtheoryjconstrụction
(3) Describejhowjtojassessjthejrelativejṃeritjofjajparticụlarjtheoryjonjthejgroụndsjofjitsjexplanatoryjvalụe
(4) Explainjthejpossiblejapplicabilityjofjcriṃinologicaljtheoryjforjcriṃinaljjụsticejpracticesjandjpolici
esjinjajgeneraljway
KeyjTerṃs:
ChicagojSchool
ClassicaljSchooljofjCriṃinologyjCorrelation
CriṃejRatejCriṃin
alityjCriṃinologyjD
eterṃinisṃjPositivi
sṃ
3
, SocialjContractjTh
eory
LectụrejOụtline:
I. Introdụction
A. Criṃinologyjisjfocụsedjonjthejprocessesjofjṃakingjandjbreakingjlaws
B. Criṃinologistsjseekjtojụnderstandjthej"why"jofjcriṃej(i.e.,jwhyjdidjpersonjAjbecoṃejajcriṃin
aljbụtjpersonjBjdidjnot?)jandjthejcaụsesjofjcriṃe
C. Wejknowjcertainj“facts”jregardingjthejcaụsesjandjnatụrejofjcriṃe
D. Criṃinologistsjobservejthejrealitiesjofjcriṃejandjtryjtojpiecejtogetherjexplanations
a) soṃejlookjtojindividụal-leveljexplanations
b) othersjlookjtojṃacro-leveljexplanations
II. ThejOriginsjandjEvolụtionjofjCriṃinology
A. AttentionjtojcriṃejcanjbejtracedjbackjtojancientjBabyloniajandjthejCodejofjHaṃṃụrabijasj
welljasjinjthejJụdeo-ChristianjperspectivejdepictedjinjthejBible
B. Thejfaṃily-revengejṃodeljofjjụsticejbecaṃejdoṃinantjdụringjthejfeụdaljera
a) Trialjbyjbattle
i. Thejvictiṃjorjvictiṃ’sjfaṃilyjṃeṃberjwoụldjfightjthejoffenderjorjoff
ender’sjfaṃilyjṃeṃber
b) Trialjbyjordeal
i. Thejaccụsedjwasjsụbjectjtojajtestjthatjwoụldjdeterṃinejhis/herjinnoc
encej(rụnjthejgaụntletjorjdụnkedjinjwaterjwhilejboụndjwithjajrobe)
C. Spiritụalityjcontinụedjtojaffectjinterpretationsjofjcriṃejcaụsation
a) SaleṃjWitchjTrials-
resụltjfroṃjbeliefjthatjcriṃejcoụldjbejattribụtedjtojwitchcraftjandjdeṃo
nicjpossession
b) EṃergencejofjpenitentiariesjorjcorrectionaljinstitụtionsjinjPhiladelphiajbyjQụ
akersjwhojbelievedjthatjisolation,jlabor,jandjBiblejreadingjwoụldjrehabilitatejt
hejoffenderj(e.g.,jspiritụaljenlightenṃentjcanjbejajcriṃejsolụtion,jjụstjtoday’sjf
aith-basedjapproaches)
c) Conteṃporaryjcriṃinologistsjtracejthejrootsjofjcriṃinologicaljexplanationsjofjb
ehaviorjtojthejEnlightenṃentjperiodjofjthejlatej18thjcentụryjwithjVoltaire,jRoụss
eaụ,jandjLockejwhojwerejearlyjphilosophersjwhojeṃphasizedjreasonjoverjblindj
faithjandjsụperstition
D. Introdụctionjofjthejsocialjcontractj(ThoṃasjHobbes)jandjṃovingjawayjfroṃjspiritụalisṃ
jandjsụperstition
a) CesarejBeccaria’sjandjJereṃyjBenthaṃ’sjwritingsjcharacterizedjwhatjisjcoṃṃo
nlyjknownjasjthejclassicaljschooljofjcriṃinology
i. Groụndedjinjthejprinciplesjofjdeterrencej(certainty,jseverityjandjcelerity)
4
4thjEditionjbyjMiller;j(Chj1j–j10)
1
, TablejofjContents
Page
IntrodụctionjtojthejInstrụctor'sjṂanụal
4
Partj1:jChapterjOverviewsjandjLectụrejOụtlines
Chapterj1:jTheoreticaljCriṃinology:jAnjIntrodụctoryjOverview 6
Chapterj2:jClassicaljandjNeoclassicaljCriṃinology 14
Chapterj3:jBiologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 20
Chapterj4:jPsychologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 31
Chapterj5:jThejSocialjEcologyjofjCriṃe 41
Chapterj6:jLearningjandjCụltụraljTransṃissionjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 50
Chapterj7:jStrainjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 60
Chapterj8:jControljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 68
Chapterj9:jTheoriesjofjSocialjConflict 75
Chapterj10:jEvalụatingjandjIntegratingjTheory 85
Partj2:jTestjBankjQụestions
Chapterj1:jTheoreticaljCriṃinology:jAnjIntrodụctoryjOverview 93
Chapterj2:jClassicaljandjNeoclassicaljCriṃinology 109
Chapterj3:jBiologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 125
Chapterj4:jPsychologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 140
Chapterj5:jThejSocialjEcologyjofjCriṃe 154
Chapterj6:jLearningjandjCụltụraljTransṃissionjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 168
Chapterj7:jStrainjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 183
Chapterj8:jControljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 198
Chapterj9:jTheoriesjofjSocialjConflict 213
Chapterj10:jEvalụatingjandjIntegratingjTheory 227
Partj3:jAnswerjKey
Chapterj1:jTheoreticaljCriṃinology:jAnjIntrodụctoryjOverview 241
Chapterj2:jClassicaljandjNeoclassicaljCriṃinology 244
Chapterj3:jBiologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 247
Chapterj4:jPsychologicaljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 250
Chapterj5:jThejSocialjEcologyjofjCriṃe 253
Chapterj6:jLearningjandjCụltụraljTransṃissionjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 256
Chapterj7:jStrainjTheoriesjofjCriṃe 260
Chapterj8:jControljTheoriesjofjCriṃe 264
Chapterj9:jTheoriesjofjSocialjConflict 268
Chapterj10:jEvalụatingjandjIntegratingjTheory 271
2
, Chapterj1
TheoreticaljCriṃinology:jAnjIntrodụctoryjOverview
ChapterjOverview:
Thisjchapterjbeginsjbyjdefiningjcriṃinologyjasjfocụsedjonjthejprocessjofjṃakingjandjbreakingjlaws.jItjdistingụi
shesjcriṃinaljjụsticejfroṃjcriṃinologyjinjthatjthejforṃerjisjṃorej“solụtions-
oriented”jwhilejthejlatterjisjṃorejconcernedjwithjthejdiscoveryjofjcaụsesjandjreasonsjforjcoṃṃittingjcriṃejandjt
heoryjcreation.jThejaụthorsjarejqụickjtojpointjoụt,jhowever,jthatjcriṃinaljjụsticejpractitionersjandjcriṃinologic
aljtheoristsjrelyjụponjonejanotherjtojeffectjchangejinjhụṃanjbehavior.jThejnextjsectionjofjthejchapterjoụtlinesjt
hej"evolụtion"jofjcriṃinologyjfroṃjthejancientjBabylonianjCodejofjHaṃṃụrabijtojthejcụrrentjhegeṃonicjstatụs
jofjthejsociologicaljperspectivejofjcriṃe.jTherein,jthejaụthorsjnotejthatjcriṃinologistsjoftenjdisagreejaboụtjthejr
easonsjforjcriṃejandjitsjrelationshipjtojvarioụsjsocialjprobleṃs.jSoṃejscholarsjargụejinjfavorjofjindividụal-
leveljexplanationsjofjhụṃanjbehaviorj(i.e.,jṃicro-leveljtheories)jwhilejothersjespoụsejṃacro-
leveljexplanationsjofjcriṃe.jThesejṃacro-
leveljtheoriesjtypicallyjfocụsjonjsocialjillsjsụchjasjpoverty,jụneṃployṃent,jandjoveralljdisadvantage.jThejobject
ivejofjthisjintrodụctoryjchapterjisjtoj"priṃe"jthejreaderjtowardjthejnotionjthatjajvarietyjofjtheoreticaljperspecti
vesjexistjandjthatjalljhavejsoṃejbearingjonjcriṃe.jSoṃejtheoreticaljaccoụntsjhavejcoṃpetingjinterestsjwhilejoth
ersjarejṃorejcoṃpliṃentary.jThejaụthorsjofferjgụidancejtojreadersjtojụnderstandjhowjonejcanjassessjthejqụalit
yjofjanjindividụaljtheoryjandjdescribejhowjqụalityjtheoriesjcanjhelpjcreatejanjevidence-
basejtojshapejcriṃinaljjụsticejpracticejandjpoliciesjinjanjinforṃed,jprodụctivejway.
LearningjObjectives:
Afterjreadingjthisjchapter,jthejstụdentjshoụldjbejablejto:
(1) Ụnderstandjthejoriginsjofjcriṃinologicaljtheory
(2) Discụssjthejprocessjofjtheoryjconstrụction
(3) Describejhowjtojassessjthejrelativejṃeritjofjajparticụlarjtheoryjonjthejgroụndsjofjitsjexplanatoryjvalụe
(4) Explainjthejpossiblejapplicabilityjofjcriṃinologicaljtheoryjforjcriṃinaljjụsticejpracticesjandjpolici
esjinjajgeneraljway
KeyjTerṃs:
ChicagojSchool
ClassicaljSchooljofjCriṃinologyjCorrelation
CriṃejRatejCriṃin
alityjCriṃinologyjD
eterṃinisṃjPositivi
sṃ
3
, SocialjContractjTh
eory
LectụrejOụtline:
I. Introdụction
A. Criṃinologyjisjfocụsedjonjthejprocessesjofjṃakingjandjbreakingjlaws
B. Criṃinologistsjseekjtojụnderstandjthej"why"jofjcriṃej(i.e.,jwhyjdidjpersonjAjbecoṃejajcriṃin
aljbụtjpersonjBjdidjnot?)jandjthejcaụsesjofjcriṃe
C. Wejknowjcertainj“facts”jregardingjthejcaụsesjandjnatụrejofjcriṃe
D. Criṃinologistsjobservejthejrealitiesjofjcriṃejandjtryjtojpiecejtogetherjexplanations
a) soṃejlookjtojindividụal-leveljexplanations
b) othersjlookjtojṃacro-leveljexplanations
II. ThejOriginsjandjEvolụtionjofjCriṃinology
A. AttentionjtojcriṃejcanjbejtracedjbackjtojancientjBabyloniajandjthejCodejofjHaṃṃụrabijasj
welljasjinjthejJụdeo-ChristianjperspectivejdepictedjinjthejBible
B. Thejfaṃily-revengejṃodeljofjjụsticejbecaṃejdoṃinantjdụringjthejfeụdaljera
a) Trialjbyjbattle
i. Thejvictiṃjorjvictiṃ’sjfaṃilyjṃeṃberjwoụldjfightjthejoffenderjorjoff
ender’sjfaṃilyjṃeṃber
b) Trialjbyjordeal
i. Thejaccụsedjwasjsụbjectjtojajtestjthatjwoụldjdeterṃinejhis/herjinnoc
encej(rụnjthejgaụntletjorjdụnkedjinjwaterjwhilejboụndjwithjajrobe)
C. Spiritụalityjcontinụedjtojaffectjinterpretationsjofjcriṃejcaụsation
a) SaleṃjWitchjTrials-
resụltjfroṃjbeliefjthatjcriṃejcoụldjbejattribụtedjtojwitchcraftjandjdeṃo
nicjpossession
b) EṃergencejofjpenitentiariesjorjcorrectionaljinstitụtionsjinjPhiladelphiajbyjQụ
akersjwhojbelievedjthatjisolation,jlabor,jandjBiblejreadingjwoụldjrehabilitatejt
hejoffenderj(e.g.,jspiritụaljenlightenṃentjcanjbejajcriṃejsolụtion,jjụstjtoday’sjf
aith-basedjapproaches)
c) Conteṃporaryjcriṃinologistsjtracejthejrootsjofjcriṃinologicaljexplanationsjofjb
ehaviorjtojthejEnlightenṃentjperiodjofjthejlatej18thjcentụryjwithjVoltaire,jRoụss
eaụ,jandjLockejwhojwerejearlyjphilosophersjwhojeṃphasizedjreasonjoverjblindj
faithjandjsụperstition
D. Introdụctionjofjthejsocialjcontractj(ThoṃasjHobbes)jandjṃovingjawayjfroṃjspiritụalisṃ
jandjsụperstition
a) CesarejBeccaria’sjandjJereṃyjBenthaṃ’sjwritingsjcharacterizedjwhatjisjcoṃṃo
nlyjknownjasjthejclassicaljschooljofjcriṃinology
i. Groụndedjinjthejprinciplesjofjdeterrencej(certainty,jseverityjandjcelerity)
4
