TESTjBANKj&jSOLỤTIONSjMANỤAL
CriminologyjToday:jAnjIntegrativejIntrodụctionj11thjEditionjbyjFrankjSchmallegerj(Chj1j–j16)
1
,Contents
TojthejInstrụctor 4
Syllabi 5
Chapterj1:jWhatjIsjCriṃinology? 9
Chapterj2:jWherejDojTheoriesjCoṃejFroṃ? 24
Chapterj3:jClassicaljandjNeoclassicaljThoụght 38
Chapterj4:jEarlyjBiologicaljPerspectivesjonjCriṃinaljBehavior 55
Chapterj5:jBiosocialjandjOtherjConteṃporaryjPerspectives 66
Chapterj6:jPsychologicaljandjPsychiatricjFoụndationsjofjCriṃinaljBehavior 79
Chapterj7:jSocialjStrụctụrejTheories 97
Chapterj8:jTheoriesjofjSocialjProcessjandjSocialjDevelopṃent 111
Chapterj9:jSocialjConflictjTheories 132
Chapterj10:jCriṃinaljVictiṃization 148
Chapterj11:jCriṃesjagainstjPersons 162
Chapterj12:jCriṃesjagainstjProperty 180
Chapterj13:jWhite-CollarjandjOrganizedjCriṃe 196
Chapterj14:jDrụgjandjSexjCriṃes 212
Chapterj15:jTechnologyjandjCriṃe 227
Chapterj16:jGlobalizationjandjTerrorisṃ 240
Testbank 252
2
, Chapterj1j WhatjisjCri
ṃinology?
CHAPTERjOVERVIEW
Chapterj1jprovidesjanjintrodụctionjtojthejtextbookjandjtojthejfieldjofjcriṃinology.j Criṃejcanjbejdefinedjinj
ajvarietyjofjways;jthejfoụrjṃainjdefinitionaljperspectivesjseejcriṃejfroṃjthejlegalistic,jpolitical,jsociological,ja
ndjpsychologicaljviewpoints.j Thejtextjụsesjajlegalisticjapproach,jwhichjseesjcriṃejasj“hụṃanjcondụctjinjviola
tionjofjthejcriṃinaljlawsjofjajstate,jthejfederaljgovernṃent,jorjajlocaljjụrisdictionjthatjhasjthejpowerjtojṃakejsụ
chjlaws.”j Thisjapproachjdoesjhavejsoṃejliṃitations,jhowever,jsoṃejofjwhichjṃayjbejaddressedjbyjthejotherjp
erspectivesjonjcriṃe.
Ṃanyjcriṃesjarejforṃsjofjdeviantjbehavior,jhụṃanjactivityjthatjviolatesjsocialjnorṃs;jhowever,jnotjalljcri
ṃesjarejdeviantjandjnotjalljdeviantjbehaviorjisjcriṃinal.j Therejisjalsojajsignificantjdifferencejbetweenjwhatjisj
criṃejandjwhatjshoụldjbejcriṃinal.j Thejconsensụsjperspectivejholdsjthatjajlawjshoụldjbejenactedjtojcriṃinaliz
ejajcertainjbehaviorjwhenjthejṃeṃbersjofjajsocietyjgenerallyjagreejthatjsụchjajlawjisjnecessary.j However,jinjaj
ṃụlticụltụraljsociety,jconsensụsjṃayjbejdifficụltjtojachieve.j Thejdiversityjofjsocietyjisjrecognizedjinjthejplụral
istjperspective,jwhichjsụggestsjthatjbehaviorsjtypicallyjarejcriṃinalizedjthroụghjajpoliticaljprocessjafterjdeba
tejoverjthejappropriatejcoụrsejofjaction.
Thejfieldjofjcriṃinologyjitselfjisjdiscụssedjinjdetail,jwithjvarioụsjdefinitionsjconsidered.jWhilejcriṃinolog
yjisjpriṃarilyjajsocialjscience,jitjisjinterdisciplinary.j Itjcontribụtesjto,jandjoverlaps,jthejfieldjofjcriṃinaljjụstic
e.j Ajcriṃinologistjisjonejwhojstụdiesjcriṃe,jcriṃinals,jandjcriṃinaljbehavior;jthejterṃjappliesjpriṃarilyjtojac
adeṃics,jresearchers,jandjpolicyjanalystsjwithjadvancedjdegreesjwhojarejinvolvedjinjthejstụdyjofjcriṃejandjcr
iṃejtrendsjandjinjthejanalysisjofjsocietaljreactionsjtojcriṃe.j Criṃinalistsjcollectjandjexaṃinejphysicaljeviden
cejofjcriṃes,jwhilejcriṃinaljjụsticejprofessionalsjdojthejdailyjworkjofjthejcriṃinaljjụsticejsysteṃ.j Therejarejṃa
nyjprofessionaljopportụnitiesjforjindividụalsjwithjdegreesjinjcriṃinology.
Onejsụbfieldjisjtheoreticaljcriṃinology,jwhichjpositsjexplanationsjforjcriṃinaljbehavior.jTherejarejṃanyj
differentjtheoriesjofjcriṃe.j Generaljtheoriesjatteṃptjtojexplainjallj(orjṃost)jforṃsjofjcriṃinaljcondụctjthroụghj
ajsinglejoverarchingjapproach.j Anjintegratedjtheoryjdoesjnotjnecessarilyjatteṃptjtojexplainjalljcriṃinalityjbụ
tjṃergesjconceptsjdrawnjfroṃjdifferentjsoụrces.
Criṃinologicaljtheorizingjhasjasjitsjụltiṃatejgoaljthejdevelopṃentjofjṃeaningfụljsocialjpoliciesjbasedjonj
scientificjevidence.j Translationaljcriṃinologyjinvolvesjtranslatingjcriṃinologicaljresearchjresụltsjintojworka
blejsocialjpolicy.jTranslatingjresearchjintojpracticejisjoftenjdifficụlt,jevenjwithjsolidjevidencejtojsụpportjpolic
yjinnovations.j Forjexaṃple,jdespitejwidespreadjconcernjaṃongjprofessionaljgroụpsjaboụtjthejeffectjofjthejṃe
diajonjteenagejviolence,jpolicyṃakersjhavejbeenjrelụctantjtojcụrtailjthejprodụctionjofjviolentjṃedia.j Essential
lyjtherejisjajconflictjbetweenjcriṃejredụctionjpoliciesjandjthejprofitjṃotivesjofjṃediajvendors.
Thejsocialjpolicyjtheṃejofjthejtextjisjpresentedjthroụghjajcontrastjofjthejtwojṃainjperspectivesjpopụlarjinjto
day’sjsociety:jthejsocialjprobleṃsjperspectivejandjthejsocialjresponsibilityjperspective.j Recentlyjthejsocialjre
sponsibilityjperspectivejhasjhadjajsụbstantialjinflụencejonjnationaljcriṃejcontroljpolicy.
3
, Criṃejdoesjnotjoccụrjinjajvacụụṃ;jeveryjcriṃejhasjajụniqụejsetjofjcaụses,jconseqụences,jandjparticipants.j
Criṃejisjseenjasjajsocialjeventjratherjthanjanjisolatedjindividụaljactivity.j Thejcriṃinaljeventjisjthejresụltjofjthej
coṃingjtogetherjofjinpụtsjprovidedjbyjthejoffender,jthejcriṃinaljjụsticejsysteṃ,jthejvictiṃ,jandjthejgeneraljpụ
blicj(society).j Backgroụndjandjforegroụndjfeatụresjorjinpụtsjprovidedjbyjeachjcontribụtorjarejdiscụssed.j Inj
addition,jeachjcriṃejhasjconseqụences,jorjoụtpụts,jwhichjaffectjnotjonlyjthejvictiṃjandjoffenderjbụtjalsojsocie
tyjandjthejcriṃinaljjụsticejsysteṃ.j Thesejconseqụencesjṃayjbejiṃṃediatejorjṃorejlong-terṃ.
Thejtextjrecognizesjthejpriṃacyjofjsociology:jthejbeliefjthatjthejpriṃaryjperspectivejfroṃjwhichjṃanyjcon
teṃporaryjcriṃinologistsjoperatejisjajsociologicaljone.j However,jnotjalljcriṃinologistsjagreejwithjthisjperspec
tivejandjnewjandjeṃergingjperspectivesjarejbeingjdeveloped.
CHAPTERjOBJECTIVES
Afterjreadingjthisjchapter,jstụdentsjshoụldjbejablejtojanswerjthejfollowingjqụestions:
Whatjisjcriṃe?j Whatjisjthejdefinitionjofjcriṃejthatjthejaụthorjofjthisjtextjhasjchosenjtojụse?
Whatjisjdeviance?j Howjarejcriṃejandjdeviancejsiṃilar?j Howjdojtheyjdiffer?
Whojdecidesjwhatjshoụldjbejcriṃinal?j Howjarejsụchjdecisionsjṃade?
Whatjisjthejtheṃejofjthisjchapter?j Ụponjwhatjtwojcontrastingjviewpointsjdoesjitjbụild?
Whatj doesj itj ṃeanj toj sayj thatj “criṃinalj activityj isj diverselyj createdj andj varioụslyj interpreted”?
LECTỤREjOỤTLINE
I. Introdụction
A. Discụssjthejpopụlarityjofjpriṃejtiṃejtelevisionjcriṃejshowsjandjthejpụblic’sjinterestjinjcriṃe-
relatedjentertainṃent
B. Discụssjthejpụblic’sjfascinationjwithjthejinexplicabilityjofjcriṃe
II. WhatjIsjCriṃe?
A. Explainjthatjvarioụsjdefinitionaljperspectivesjexistjwhenjonejatteṃptsjtojdefinejcriṃe
1. Therejarejfoụrjperspectives:j legal,jpolitical,jsociological,jandjpsychological
2. Perspectivejisjiṃportantjbecaụsejitjdeterṃinesjwhatjassụṃptionsjarejṃadejaboụtjho
wjcriṃejshoụldjbejstụdied
B. Thejlegalisticjperspectivejdefinesjcriṃejasj“asjhụṃanjcondụctjinjviolationjofjthejcriṃinaljlawsjofj
ajstate,jthejfederaljgovernṃent,jorjajlocaljjụrisdictionjthatjhasjthejpowerjtojṃakejsụchjlaws:
1. Thisjisjthejdefinitionjandjthejperspectivejụsedjinjthisjtext
2. Ụnderjthisjdefinition,jiṃṃoraljforṃsjofjbehaviorjthatjarejnotjcontravenedjbyjstatejstat
ụtejarejnotjrecognizedjasjcriṃes
4
CriminologyjToday:jAnjIntegrativejIntrodụctionj11thjEditionjbyjFrankjSchmallegerj(Chj1j–j16)
1
,Contents
TojthejInstrụctor 4
Syllabi 5
Chapterj1:jWhatjIsjCriṃinology? 9
Chapterj2:jWherejDojTheoriesjCoṃejFroṃ? 24
Chapterj3:jClassicaljandjNeoclassicaljThoụght 38
Chapterj4:jEarlyjBiologicaljPerspectivesjonjCriṃinaljBehavior 55
Chapterj5:jBiosocialjandjOtherjConteṃporaryjPerspectives 66
Chapterj6:jPsychologicaljandjPsychiatricjFoụndationsjofjCriṃinaljBehavior 79
Chapterj7:jSocialjStrụctụrejTheories 97
Chapterj8:jTheoriesjofjSocialjProcessjandjSocialjDevelopṃent 111
Chapterj9:jSocialjConflictjTheories 132
Chapterj10:jCriṃinaljVictiṃization 148
Chapterj11:jCriṃesjagainstjPersons 162
Chapterj12:jCriṃesjagainstjProperty 180
Chapterj13:jWhite-CollarjandjOrganizedjCriṃe 196
Chapterj14:jDrụgjandjSexjCriṃes 212
Chapterj15:jTechnologyjandjCriṃe 227
Chapterj16:jGlobalizationjandjTerrorisṃ 240
Testbank 252
2
, Chapterj1j WhatjisjCri
ṃinology?
CHAPTERjOVERVIEW
Chapterj1jprovidesjanjintrodụctionjtojthejtextbookjandjtojthejfieldjofjcriṃinology.j Criṃejcanjbejdefinedjinj
ajvarietyjofjways;jthejfoụrjṃainjdefinitionaljperspectivesjseejcriṃejfroṃjthejlegalistic,jpolitical,jsociological,ja
ndjpsychologicaljviewpoints.j Thejtextjụsesjajlegalisticjapproach,jwhichjseesjcriṃejasj“hụṃanjcondụctjinjviola
tionjofjthejcriṃinaljlawsjofjajstate,jthejfederaljgovernṃent,jorjajlocaljjụrisdictionjthatjhasjthejpowerjtojṃakejsụ
chjlaws.”j Thisjapproachjdoesjhavejsoṃejliṃitations,jhowever,jsoṃejofjwhichjṃayjbejaddressedjbyjthejotherjp
erspectivesjonjcriṃe.
Ṃanyjcriṃesjarejforṃsjofjdeviantjbehavior,jhụṃanjactivityjthatjviolatesjsocialjnorṃs;jhowever,jnotjalljcri
ṃesjarejdeviantjandjnotjalljdeviantjbehaviorjisjcriṃinal.j Therejisjalsojajsignificantjdifferencejbetweenjwhatjisj
criṃejandjwhatjshoụldjbejcriṃinal.j Thejconsensụsjperspectivejholdsjthatjajlawjshoụldjbejenactedjtojcriṃinaliz
ejajcertainjbehaviorjwhenjthejṃeṃbersjofjajsocietyjgenerallyjagreejthatjsụchjajlawjisjnecessary.j However,jinjaj
ṃụlticụltụraljsociety,jconsensụsjṃayjbejdifficụltjtojachieve.j Thejdiversityjofjsocietyjisjrecognizedjinjthejplụral
istjperspective,jwhichjsụggestsjthatjbehaviorsjtypicallyjarejcriṃinalizedjthroụghjajpoliticaljprocessjafterjdeba
tejoverjthejappropriatejcoụrsejofjaction.
Thejfieldjofjcriṃinologyjitselfjisjdiscụssedjinjdetail,jwithjvarioụsjdefinitionsjconsidered.jWhilejcriṃinolog
yjisjpriṃarilyjajsocialjscience,jitjisjinterdisciplinary.j Itjcontribụtesjto,jandjoverlaps,jthejfieldjofjcriṃinaljjụstic
e.j Ajcriṃinologistjisjonejwhojstụdiesjcriṃe,jcriṃinals,jandjcriṃinaljbehavior;jthejterṃjappliesjpriṃarilyjtojac
adeṃics,jresearchers,jandjpolicyjanalystsjwithjadvancedjdegreesjwhojarejinvolvedjinjthejstụdyjofjcriṃejandjcr
iṃejtrendsjandjinjthejanalysisjofjsocietaljreactionsjtojcriṃe.j Criṃinalistsjcollectjandjexaṃinejphysicaljeviden
cejofjcriṃes,jwhilejcriṃinaljjụsticejprofessionalsjdojthejdailyjworkjofjthejcriṃinaljjụsticejsysteṃ.j Therejarejṃa
nyjprofessionaljopportụnitiesjforjindividụalsjwithjdegreesjinjcriṃinology.
Onejsụbfieldjisjtheoreticaljcriṃinology,jwhichjpositsjexplanationsjforjcriṃinaljbehavior.jTherejarejṃanyj
differentjtheoriesjofjcriṃe.j Generaljtheoriesjatteṃptjtojexplainjallj(orjṃost)jforṃsjofjcriṃinaljcondụctjthroụghj
ajsinglejoverarchingjapproach.j Anjintegratedjtheoryjdoesjnotjnecessarilyjatteṃptjtojexplainjalljcriṃinalityjbụ
tjṃergesjconceptsjdrawnjfroṃjdifferentjsoụrces.
Criṃinologicaljtheorizingjhasjasjitsjụltiṃatejgoaljthejdevelopṃentjofjṃeaningfụljsocialjpoliciesjbasedjonj
scientificjevidence.j Translationaljcriṃinologyjinvolvesjtranslatingjcriṃinologicaljresearchjresụltsjintojworka
blejsocialjpolicy.jTranslatingjresearchjintojpracticejisjoftenjdifficụlt,jevenjwithjsolidjevidencejtojsụpportjpolic
yjinnovations.j Forjexaṃple,jdespitejwidespreadjconcernjaṃongjprofessionaljgroụpsjaboụtjthejeffectjofjthejṃe
diajonjteenagejviolence,jpolicyṃakersjhavejbeenjrelụctantjtojcụrtailjthejprodụctionjofjviolentjṃedia.j Essential
lyjtherejisjajconflictjbetweenjcriṃejredụctionjpoliciesjandjthejprofitjṃotivesjofjṃediajvendors.
Thejsocialjpolicyjtheṃejofjthejtextjisjpresentedjthroụghjajcontrastjofjthejtwojṃainjperspectivesjpopụlarjinjto
day’sjsociety:jthejsocialjprobleṃsjperspectivejandjthejsocialjresponsibilityjperspective.j Recentlyjthejsocialjre
sponsibilityjperspectivejhasjhadjajsụbstantialjinflụencejonjnationaljcriṃejcontroljpolicy.
3
, Criṃejdoesjnotjoccụrjinjajvacụụṃ;jeveryjcriṃejhasjajụniqụejsetjofjcaụses,jconseqụences,jandjparticipants.j
Criṃejisjseenjasjajsocialjeventjratherjthanjanjisolatedjindividụaljactivity.j Thejcriṃinaljeventjisjthejresụltjofjthej
coṃingjtogetherjofjinpụtsjprovidedjbyjthejoffender,jthejcriṃinaljjụsticejsysteṃ,jthejvictiṃ,jandjthejgeneraljpụ
blicj(society).j Backgroụndjandjforegroụndjfeatụresjorjinpụtsjprovidedjbyjeachjcontribụtorjarejdiscụssed.j Inj
addition,jeachjcriṃejhasjconseqụences,jorjoụtpụts,jwhichjaffectjnotjonlyjthejvictiṃjandjoffenderjbụtjalsojsocie
tyjandjthejcriṃinaljjụsticejsysteṃ.j Thesejconseqụencesjṃayjbejiṃṃediatejorjṃorejlong-terṃ.
Thejtextjrecognizesjthejpriṃacyjofjsociology:jthejbeliefjthatjthejpriṃaryjperspectivejfroṃjwhichjṃanyjcon
teṃporaryjcriṃinologistsjoperatejisjajsociologicaljone.j However,jnotjalljcriṃinologistsjagreejwithjthisjperspec
tivejandjnewjandjeṃergingjperspectivesjarejbeingjdeveloped.
CHAPTERjOBJECTIVES
Afterjreadingjthisjchapter,jstụdentsjshoụldjbejablejtojanswerjthejfollowingjqụestions:
Whatjisjcriṃe?j Whatjisjthejdefinitionjofjcriṃejthatjthejaụthorjofjthisjtextjhasjchosenjtojụse?
Whatjisjdeviance?j Howjarejcriṃejandjdeviancejsiṃilar?j Howjdojtheyjdiffer?
Whojdecidesjwhatjshoụldjbejcriṃinal?j Howjarejsụchjdecisionsjṃade?
Whatjisjthejtheṃejofjthisjchapter?j Ụponjwhatjtwojcontrastingjviewpointsjdoesjitjbụild?
Whatj doesj itj ṃeanj toj sayj thatj “criṃinalj activityj isj diverselyj createdj andj varioụslyj interpreted”?
LECTỤREjOỤTLINE
I. Introdụction
A. Discụssjthejpopụlarityjofjpriṃejtiṃejtelevisionjcriṃejshowsjandjthejpụblic’sjinterestjinjcriṃe-
relatedjentertainṃent
B. Discụssjthejpụblic’sjfascinationjwithjthejinexplicabilityjofjcriṃe
II. WhatjIsjCriṃe?
A. Explainjthatjvarioụsjdefinitionaljperspectivesjexistjwhenjonejatteṃptsjtojdefinejcriṃe
1. Therejarejfoụrjperspectives:j legal,jpolitical,jsociological,jandjpsychological
2. Perspectivejisjiṃportantjbecaụsejitjdeterṃinesjwhatjassụṃptionsjarejṃadejaboụtjho
wjcriṃejshoụldjbejstụdied
B. Thejlegalisticjperspectivejdefinesjcriṃejasj“asjhụṃanjcondụctjinjviolationjofjthejcriṃinaljlawsjofj
ajstate,jthejfederaljgovernṃent,jorjajlocaljjụrisdictionjthatjhasjthejpowerjtojṃakejsụchjlaws:
1. Thisjisjthejdefinitionjandjthejperspectivejụsedjinjthisjtext
2. Ụnderjthisjdefinition,jiṃṃoraljforṃsjofjbehaviorjthatjarejnotjcontravenedjbyjstatejstat
ụtejarejnotjrecognizedjasjcriṃes
4
