COMPREHENSIVE GERO HESI
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What are the functional units of the kidney?.
Answer: The nephrons
◍ How are the five types of leukocytes distinguished?.
Answer: SizeAppearance of nucleusStaining propertiesPresence or absence
of visible cytoplasmic granules
◍ What must be present for a muscle cell to contract?.
Answer: Calcium and ATP
◍ When is oxygen released from hemoglobin?.
Answer: As the concentration of O2 drops in tissues
◍ What are the functional units of the nervous system?.
Answer: The neuron.
◍ Which white blood cells are active in phagocytosis?.
Answer: Neutrophils and monocytes
◍ What are simple (spinal) reflexes?.
Answer: Those in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only
and do not reach the brain.
◍ What is the function of calcium in muscle contraction?.
Answer: Attach to inhibitory proteins on the actin filaments of the muscle
cell, moving them aside.This forms cross bridges between actin and myosin
filaments.
◍ What do sebaceous glands secrete?.
Answer: They secrete sebum through the hair follicles, which lubricates the
, skin and prevents drying.
◍ What is the FSH hormone?.
Answer: Follicle-stimulating hormone
◍ What ability does muscle tissue have?.
Answer: Ability to contract and shorten.
◍ What nutrients are absorbed into the blood?.
Answer: The amino acids and simple sugars derived from proteins and
carbs.
◍ Where are nutrients absorbed?.
Answer: Through the walls of the small intestine.
◍ What does the contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial walls influence?.
Answer: Blood pressure and blood distribution to tissues
◍ What are villi?.
Answer: Small finger-like structures that increase the surface area of the
intestinal wall.
◍ How many sacral vertebrae?.
Answer: 5
◍ What is the function of Motor (efferent) neurons?.
Answer: Transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS toward the effector
organs such as muscles, glands, and digestive organs.
◍ What is the function of extensors?.
Answer: Increase the angle at the joint.
◍ What occurs when fertilization does not occur?.
Answer: The corpus luteum degenerates and menstruation begins.
◍ What substances help digest food in the small intestine?.
Answer: enzymes from the small intestine and pancreas and bile from the
liver.
◍ What makes up the nervous system?.
, Answer: The brain, spinal cord & nerves.
◍ What is the function of the upper passageways?.
Answer: Warm, filter, and moisten incoming air.
◍ Where are sperm stored once mature?.
Answer: In the epididymis of each testis.
◍ Other than nourishment, what is another function of the placenta?.
Answer: Maintain the endometrium and prepare the breasts for milk
production.
◍ What do apocrine sweat glands produce?.
Answer: Secretions contain bits of cytoplasm from cells, attracting bacteria
that produces body odor.
◍ What is the effect of steroid hormones?.
Answer: Enter the cell and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus.
◍ How many coccygeal vertebrae?.
Answer: 1-the tailbone
◍ Besides enzymes, what other substances are contributed by the pancreas?.
Answer: water to dilute the chymebicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid
from the stomach
◍ What structures produce saliva?.
Answer: Three pairs of salivary glands
◍ What materials make up the blood?.
Answer: 55% plasma45% formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes,
platelets.
◍ What are erythrocytes transformed for?.
Answer: The transport of O2.
◍ What makes up the appendicular skeleton?.
Answer: the bones of the girdle and limbs
◍ What are causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation?.
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What are the functional units of the kidney?.
Answer: The nephrons
◍ How are the five types of leukocytes distinguished?.
Answer: SizeAppearance of nucleusStaining propertiesPresence or absence
of visible cytoplasmic granules
◍ What must be present for a muscle cell to contract?.
Answer: Calcium and ATP
◍ When is oxygen released from hemoglobin?.
Answer: As the concentration of O2 drops in tissues
◍ What are the functional units of the nervous system?.
Answer: The neuron.
◍ Which white blood cells are active in phagocytosis?.
Answer: Neutrophils and monocytes
◍ What are simple (spinal) reflexes?.
Answer: Those in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only
and do not reach the brain.
◍ What is the function of calcium in muscle contraction?.
Answer: Attach to inhibitory proteins on the actin filaments of the muscle
cell, moving them aside.This forms cross bridges between actin and myosin
filaments.
◍ What do sebaceous glands secrete?.
Answer: They secrete sebum through the hair follicles, which lubricates the
, skin and prevents drying.
◍ What is the FSH hormone?.
Answer: Follicle-stimulating hormone
◍ What ability does muscle tissue have?.
Answer: Ability to contract and shorten.
◍ What nutrients are absorbed into the blood?.
Answer: The amino acids and simple sugars derived from proteins and
carbs.
◍ Where are nutrients absorbed?.
Answer: Through the walls of the small intestine.
◍ What does the contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial walls influence?.
Answer: Blood pressure and blood distribution to tissues
◍ What are villi?.
Answer: Small finger-like structures that increase the surface area of the
intestinal wall.
◍ How many sacral vertebrae?.
Answer: 5
◍ What is the function of Motor (efferent) neurons?.
Answer: Transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS toward the effector
organs such as muscles, glands, and digestive organs.
◍ What is the function of extensors?.
Answer: Increase the angle at the joint.
◍ What occurs when fertilization does not occur?.
Answer: The corpus luteum degenerates and menstruation begins.
◍ What substances help digest food in the small intestine?.
Answer: enzymes from the small intestine and pancreas and bile from the
liver.
◍ What makes up the nervous system?.
, Answer: The brain, spinal cord & nerves.
◍ What is the function of the upper passageways?.
Answer: Warm, filter, and moisten incoming air.
◍ Where are sperm stored once mature?.
Answer: In the epididymis of each testis.
◍ Other than nourishment, what is another function of the placenta?.
Answer: Maintain the endometrium and prepare the breasts for milk
production.
◍ What do apocrine sweat glands produce?.
Answer: Secretions contain bits of cytoplasm from cells, attracting bacteria
that produces body odor.
◍ What is the effect of steroid hormones?.
Answer: Enter the cell and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus.
◍ How many coccygeal vertebrae?.
Answer: 1-the tailbone
◍ Besides enzymes, what other substances are contributed by the pancreas?.
Answer: water to dilute the chymebicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid
from the stomach
◍ What structures produce saliva?.
Answer: Three pairs of salivary glands
◍ What materials make up the blood?.
Answer: 55% plasma45% formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes,
platelets.
◍ What are erythrocytes transformed for?.
Answer: The transport of O2.
◍ What makes up the appendicular skeleton?.
Answer: the bones of the girdle and limbs
◍ What are causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation?.
