BIOL 320 EVALUATION EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Explain the GHRH pathway - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases GHRH to ant. pit.
2) Ant. pit. releases GH to body
3) GH affect all body tissues
✔✔Explain the GnRH pathway - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases GnRH to ant. pit.
2) Ant. pit. releases gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
3a) LH targets ovary
3b) FSH targets testes
3c) Both LH and FSH promote follicular maturation
✔✔Explain the PRH pathway - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases PRH to ant. pit.
2) Ant. pit. releases PRL
3) PRL target mammary tissue
✔✔Explain the TRH pathway - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases TRH to the ant. pit.
2) Ant. pit releases TSH to the thyroid
3) Thyroid releases T3 and T4
✔✔The paraventricular nucleus releases what hormone? - ✔✔Oxytocin
✔✔The supraoptic nucleus releases what hormones? - ✔✔ADH and AVP (vasopressin)
✔✔What effects do AVP and ADH have on the body? - ✔✔Cause kidneys to release
less H2O = increase BP
✔✔Which form of diabetes presents glucose in the urine? - ✔✔Diabetes mellitus
✔✔What is the effect of somatostatin on the body? - ✔✔Shuts down the release of GH
✔✔GH causes what changes in the body? - ✔✔Shifts energy sources: "glucose
sparing"
✔✔Too much GH AFTER the growth plates seal leads to a disorder called _________. -
✔✔Acromegally
✔✔Too much GH BEFORE the growth plates seal leads to a disorder called
_________. - ✔✔Gigantism
✔✔Not enough GH during development leads to a group of disorders called
_________. - ✔✔Dwarfism
,✔✔GH release pattern is described as being __________. - ✔✔Dinural: Its release
picks up around 8pm and peaks around 11pm
✔✔AcTH is also known as _______. - ✔✔Corticotropin
✔✔What is the name of the structure that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland? -
✔✔Isthmus
✔✔What are the types of cells on the thyroid gland? - ✔✔Follicular cells and
parafollicular cells
✔✔What hormones are released by follicular cells of the thyroid? - ✔✔T3 and T4
✔✔What are the full names for T3 and T4 respectively? - ✔✔Thyroxine and
Triiodothyronine
✔✔What hormones are released by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland? -
✔✔Calcitonin
✔✔How does calcitonin work in the body? - ✔✔Increases osteoBlast activity and
supresses osteoClast activity
✔✔Myxedemia is more commonly known as ________. - ✔✔Hypothyroidism
✔✔What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? - ✔✔- Goiter
- Weight gain
- depressed HR
- Puffy eyes
✔✔Graves disease is also called _________. - ✔✔Hyperthyroidism
✔✔What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? - ✔✔- Too hot
- Agitated
- Eyes buggin out
✔✔Hyperthyroidism is often cause by a ___________ disorder. - ✔✔Autoimmune
✔✔What hormones are produced by the parathyroid glands? - ✔✔Parathyroid hormone
✔✔What does PTH do? - ✔✔Acts agnostically to calcitonin (increases blood [Ca])
✔✔What is the main blood [Ca] regulation technique? - ✔✔- Too much [Ca] = more
calcitonin and less PTH release
- Not enough [Ca] = less calcitonin and more PTH release
, ✔✔What glands are more active when blood [Ca] is A) too low and B) too high? - ✔✔A)
Parathyroid
B) Thyroid
✔✔What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex from least to most deep? - ✔✔- Zona
glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
✔✔The zona glomerulosa produces which hormones? - ✔✔Mineralcorticoids
(aldosterone)
✔✔The adrenal medulla produces what hormones? - ✔✔Epinephrine
✔✔What is the function of aldosterone in the body? - ✔✔Causes kidney tubules to
reabsorb more Na leading to an increased BP
✔✔What is the cascade that occurs when blood [Na] is down and or blood [K] is up? -
✔✔1) Kidneys release renin
2) Renin triggers release of angiotensin 1
3) Angiotensin 1 triggers release of angiotensin 2
4) Angiotensin 2 triggers adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
5) Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to increase [Na] reuptake
✔✔ANP inhibits the release of what hormone? - ✔✔Aldosterone
✔✔What are the two types of mineralcorticoids? - ✔✔- Glucocorticoid
- Gonadocorticoids
✔✔What are the purposes of glucocorticoids? - ✔✔Ensure the brain has sufficient
glucose by promoting:
- Glucogenisis
- Fat mobilization
- Protein breakdown
✔✔Which age groups are most affected by gonadotropins? - ✔✔Menopausal women
and pre-pubescent
✔✔What are the underlying causes of Addison's disease? - ✔✔Too low aldosterone
and cortisol
✔✔What are the symptoms of Addison's disease? - ✔✔- Chronic dehydration
- Hypertension
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Explain the GHRH pathway - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases GHRH to ant. pit.
2) Ant. pit. releases GH to body
3) GH affect all body tissues
✔✔Explain the GnRH pathway - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases GnRH to ant. pit.
2) Ant. pit. releases gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
3a) LH targets ovary
3b) FSH targets testes
3c) Both LH and FSH promote follicular maturation
✔✔Explain the PRH pathway - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases PRH to ant. pit.
2) Ant. pit. releases PRL
3) PRL target mammary tissue
✔✔Explain the TRH pathway - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases TRH to the ant. pit.
2) Ant. pit releases TSH to the thyroid
3) Thyroid releases T3 and T4
✔✔The paraventricular nucleus releases what hormone? - ✔✔Oxytocin
✔✔The supraoptic nucleus releases what hormones? - ✔✔ADH and AVP (vasopressin)
✔✔What effects do AVP and ADH have on the body? - ✔✔Cause kidneys to release
less H2O = increase BP
✔✔Which form of diabetes presents glucose in the urine? - ✔✔Diabetes mellitus
✔✔What is the effect of somatostatin on the body? - ✔✔Shuts down the release of GH
✔✔GH causes what changes in the body? - ✔✔Shifts energy sources: "glucose
sparing"
✔✔Too much GH AFTER the growth plates seal leads to a disorder called _________. -
✔✔Acromegally
✔✔Too much GH BEFORE the growth plates seal leads to a disorder called
_________. - ✔✔Gigantism
✔✔Not enough GH during development leads to a group of disorders called
_________. - ✔✔Dwarfism
,✔✔GH release pattern is described as being __________. - ✔✔Dinural: Its release
picks up around 8pm and peaks around 11pm
✔✔AcTH is also known as _______. - ✔✔Corticotropin
✔✔What is the name of the structure that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland? -
✔✔Isthmus
✔✔What are the types of cells on the thyroid gland? - ✔✔Follicular cells and
parafollicular cells
✔✔What hormones are released by follicular cells of the thyroid? - ✔✔T3 and T4
✔✔What are the full names for T3 and T4 respectively? - ✔✔Thyroxine and
Triiodothyronine
✔✔What hormones are released by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland? -
✔✔Calcitonin
✔✔How does calcitonin work in the body? - ✔✔Increases osteoBlast activity and
supresses osteoClast activity
✔✔Myxedemia is more commonly known as ________. - ✔✔Hypothyroidism
✔✔What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? - ✔✔- Goiter
- Weight gain
- depressed HR
- Puffy eyes
✔✔Graves disease is also called _________. - ✔✔Hyperthyroidism
✔✔What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? - ✔✔- Too hot
- Agitated
- Eyes buggin out
✔✔Hyperthyroidism is often cause by a ___________ disorder. - ✔✔Autoimmune
✔✔What hormones are produced by the parathyroid glands? - ✔✔Parathyroid hormone
✔✔What does PTH do? - ✔✔Acts agnostically to calcitonin (increases blood [Ca])
✔✔What is the main blood [Ca] regulation technique? - ✔✔- Too much [Ca] = more
calcitonin and less PTH release
- Not enough [Ca] = less calcitonin and more PTH release
, ✔✔What glands are more active when blood [Ca] is A) too low and B) too high? - ✔✔A)
Parathyroid
B) Thyroid
✔✔What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex from least to most deep? - ✔✔- Zona
glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
✔✔The zona glomerulosa produces which hormones? - ✔✔Mineralcorticoids
(aldosterone)
✔✔The adrenal medulla produces what hormones? - ✔✔Epinephrine
✔✔What is the function of aldosterone in the body? - ✔✔Causes kidney tubules to
reabsorb more Na leading to an increased BP
✔✔What is the cascade that occurs when blood [Na] is down and or blood [K] is up? -
✔✔1) Kidneys release renin
2) Renin triggers release of angiotensin 1
3) Angiotensin 1 triggers release of angiotensin 2
4) Angiotensin 2 triggers adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
5) Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to increase [Na] reuptake
✔✔ANP inhibits the release of what hormone? - ✔✔Aldosterone
✔✔What are the two types of mineralcorticoids? - ✔✔- Glucocorticoid
- Gonadocorticoids
✔✔What are the purposes of glucocorticoids? - ✔✔Ensure the brain has sufficient
glucose by promoting:
- Glucogenisis
- Fat mobilization
- Protein breakdown
✔✔Which age groups are most affected by gonadotropins? - ✔✔Menopausal women
and pre-pubescent
✔✔What are the underlying causes of Addison's disease? - ✔✔Too low aldosterone
and cortisol
✔✔What are the symptoms of Addison's disease? - ✔✔- Chronic dehydration
- Hypertension
