BIOL 320 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What are the major symptoms of diabetes mellitus? - ✔✔- Polyphagia
- Polyuria
- Polydypsia
✔✔Whats the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus? - ✔✔Type 1 = inability
to produce insulin
Type 2= inability to respond to insulin
✔✔Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia - ✔✔Enlarged adrenals due to low cortisol
causes excess testosterone
✔✔Which organ converts glycogen to glucose? - ✔✔Liver
✔✔Explain the CRH pathway - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases CRH to ant. pit
2) Ant. pit. releases ACTH to adrenal cortex
3) Adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids
✔✔Explain the GnRH pathways - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases GnRH to ant. pit.
2) Ant. pit. releases LH
3) LH Stimulates the gonads to produce either testosterone or estrogen
✔✔The __________ gland responds indirectly to light changes throughout the day. -
✔✔Pineal
✔✔The pineal gland releases what hormones? - ✔✔Melatonin
✔✔Melatonin acts on what specific structure? - ✔✔Suprchiasmatic nucleus
✔✔Seasonal Affective Disorder is treated using _______. - ✔✔Full spectrum light
exposure
✔✔The thymus gland is associated with __________ function in the body. - ✔✔Immune
✔✔Thymosin aids in the production of ____________. - ✔✔White blood cells
✔✔Thymopoietin plays what function in the body? - ✔✔Stimulate the maturation of T-
lymphocytes
✔✔What hormones are produced by the thymus? - ✔✔Thymopoietin and thymosin
✔✔Adipose tissue releases what hormones? - ✔✔Leptin and resistin
, ✔✔What are the functions of leptin and resistin? - ✔✔Leptin = Suppress appetite when
fat stores are full
Resistin = antagonizes insulin release
✔✔What are the proper names for inactive and active vitamin D? - ✔✔Inactive =
Cholecalciferol
Active = Calcitriol
✔✔What is the function of EPO? - ✔✔Stimulate erythrocyte maturation
✔✔What is the function of ANP? - ✔✔Antagonist to aldosterone: lowers BP by causing
kidneys to release more H2O
✔✔The mesoderm is responsible for production of what type of hormone? - ✔✔Steroid
hormone
✔✔What hormone seems to increase with age? - ✔✔Parathyroid hormone
✔✔What protein is built into RBC membranes? - ✔✔Spectrin
✔✔What metabolic process fuels RBCs? - ✔✔Glycolysis: They are ANAEROBIC
✔✔What percent of body CO2 is transported by RBCs? - ✔✔20%
✔✔Define: Oxyhemoglobin - ✔✔Hemoglobin that is bound to a lot of oxygen
✔✔Define: Deoxyhemoglobin - ✔✔Hemoglobin that is essentially void of oxygen
✔✔What components of blood arise from hematopoietic stem cells? - ✔✔Erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets
✔✔During which stage does a developing RBC get rid of it's nucleus? - ✔✔Late
erythroblast aka normoblast
✔✔Reticulocytes exist in which mature blood cell's dev. pathway? - ✔✔Erythrocyte
✔✔Megakaryocytes eventually give rise to ____________. - ✔✔Platelets
✔✔Progranulocytes give way to ____________. - ✔✔Leukocytes with names ending in
-phil
✔✔__________ factors tell the body which blood cell to make. - ✔✔Colony stimulating
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What are the major symptoms of diabetes mellitus? - ✔✔- Polyphagia
- Polyuria
- Polydypsia
✔✔Whats the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus? - ✔✔Type 1 = inability
to produce insulin
Type 2= inability to respond to insulin
✔✔Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia - ✔✔Enlarged adrenals due to low cortisol
causes excess testosterone
✔✔Which organ converts glycogen to glucose? - ✔✔Liver
✔✔Explain the CRH pathway - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases CRH to ant. pit
2) Ant. pit. releases ACTH to adrenal cortex
3) Adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids
✔✔Explain the GnRH pathways - ✔✔1) Hypothalamus releases GnRH to ant. pit.
2) Ant. pit. releases LH
3) LH Stimulates the gonads to produce either testosterone or estrogen
✔✔The __________ gland responds indirectly to light changes throughout the day. -
✔✔Pineal
✔✔The pineal gland releases what hormones? - ✔✔Melatonin
✔✔Melatonin acts on what specific structure? - ✔✔Suprchiasmatic nucleus
✔✔Seasonal Affective Disorder is treated using _______. - ✔✔Full spectrum light
exposure
✔✔The thymus gland is associated with __________ function in the body. - ✔✔Immune
✔✔Thymosin aids in the production of ____________. - ✔✔White blood cells
✔✔Thymopoietin plays what function in the body? - ✔✔Stimulate the maturation of T-
lymphocytes
✔✔What hormones are produced by the thymus? - ✔✔Thymopoietin and thymosin
✔✔Adipose tissue releases what hormones? - ✔✔Leptin and resistin
, ✔✔What are the functions of leptin and resistin? - ✔✔Leptin = Suppress appetite when
fat stores are full
Resistin = antagonizes insulin release
✔✔What are the proper names for inactive and active vitamin D? - ✔✔Inactive =
Cholecalciferol
Active = Calcitriol
✔✔What is the function of EPO? - ✔✔Stimulate erythrocyte maturation
✔✔What is the function of ANP? - ✔✔Antagonist to aldosterone: lowers BP by causing
kidneys to release more H2O
✔✔The mesoderm is responsible for production of what type of hormone? - ✔✔Steroid
hormone
✔✔What hormone seems to increase with age? - ✔✔Parathyroid hormone
✔✔What protein is built into RBC membranes? - ✔✔Spectrin
✔✔What metabolic process fuels RBCs? - ✔✔Glycolysis: They are ANAEROBIC
✔✔What percent of body CO2 is transported by RBCs? - ✔✔20%
✔✔Define: Oxyhemoglobin - ✔✔Hemoglobin that is bound to a lot of oxygen
✔✔Define: Deoxyhemoglobin - ✔✔Hemoglobin that is essentially void of oxygen
✔✔What components of blood arise from hematopoietic stem cells? - ✔✔Erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets
✔✔During which stage does a developing RBC get rid of it's nucleus? - ✔✔Late
erythroblast aka normoblast
✔✔Reticulocytes exist in which mature blood cell's dev. pathway? - ✔✔Erythrocyte
✔✔Megakaryocytes eventually give rise to ____________. - ✔✔Platelets
✔✔Progranulocytes give way to ____________. - ✔✔Leukocytes with names ending in
-phil
✔✔__________ factors tell the body which blood cell to make. - ✔✔Colony stimulating
