Epidemiology 309 FINAL
When calculating a Pearson correlation coefficient (r), you get a large negative value (-
0.89)
This means that
The exposure prevents the outcome
- The exposure is strongly negatively associated with the outcome
- You did the math wrong
- None of the answers are correct - answer The exposure is strongly negatively
associated with the outcome
Hills criteria of causality include which of the following?
- All answers
- Strength
- Dose-response
- Temporality - answerAll answers
The web of causation model specifies a type of causal relationship that is
- Specific
- Consistent
- Multifactorial
- Coherent - answerMultifactorial
When the value of one variable increases and the value of another variable decreases
the association is:
- Negative
- Continuous
- None of the answers
- Positive - answerNegative
When calculating a Pearson correlation coefficient (r), you get a large positive value
(8.9). This means that:
- The exposure causes the outcome
- You did the math wrong
- None of these answers are correct
- The exposure is strongly associated with the outcome - answerYou did the math
wrong
For which of the following criteria do epidemiologists need to observe the cause before
the effect?
- Consistency
- Temporality
- Coherence
,- Biological gradient - answerTemporality
A graphic plotting of the distribution of cases by time of onset is a(n):
- Threshold curve
- Multimodal curve
- Epidemic curve
- Dose-response curve - answerEpidemic curve
The lowest dose at which a particular response occurs is known as the:
- Correlation coefficient
- Threshold
- Transition dose
- Mode - answerThreshold
Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are
observed over time to document the incidence of disease in what type of study?
- Case-control
- Prospective cohort study
- Retrospective cohort study
- Cross-sectional study - answerProspective cohort study
The most important advantage of cohort studies is:
- It is cheap and provides a quick answer
- It allows one to take advantage of existing records and data
- It is easy to build up a control group
- It allows us to determine both the relative risk and attributable risk - answerIt allows us
to determine both the relative risk and attributable risk
Your Public Health internship preceptor at Pima County Health Department asks you to
collect background data on cancer rates for the US. You start going to:
- ADDMnet
- SEER
- BRFSS
- NHANES - answerSEER
A vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox was created by ____ in ____.
- Sir Percival Pott, late 1700s
- John Snow mid 1850s
- Ramazzini late 1600s
- Edward Jenner late 1700s - answerEdward Jenner late 1700s
A group of women with stage I breast cancer were recruited and randomized to receive
either lumpectomy alone or lumpectomy with breast radiation. The women were then
followed for 5 years to determine if there were any differences in breast cancer
recurrence and survival. This study is called:
- randomized controlled trial
, - case-control study
- ecological study
- cross-sectional study - answerrandomized controlled trial
A study that examines the incidence of developmental delays among residents of Flint
Michigan based on water source (Hint: in 2014 Flint water switched its source to the
Flint River (which has failed corrosion control and thus the aging pipes caused lead to
leach into the water supply) is known as:
- case control study
- ecological study
- cohort study
- cross-sectional study - answercohort study
A study that examines the death rates from prostate cancer in each of the 50 US states
in relation to the average percentage of men in each state undergoing annual PSA
screening is called:
- case-control study
- experimental study
- ecological study
- cohort study - answerecological study
Cohort studies are preferred by epidemiologists because they are
- cheap and easy to conduct
- good for assessing incidence
- lower in bias because you can match cases and controls
- the only study design that lets you calculate odds ratios - answergood for assessing
incidence
All are vital events except:
- death
- divorce
- graduation
- marriage - answergraduation
A classic ethical dilemma in biomedical research is the
- case definition change of valley fever in Arizona in 2009
- London cholera outbreak in 1850
- Smallpox eradication in Somalia 1977
- US public health service syphilis study - answerUS public health service syphilis study
Researchers interested in understanding the association between helmet use and injury
severity survey students on the UA campus with respect to bicycle safety and injury
sustained. The study design was:
- Ecological study
- Cohort study
- Cross-control study
When calculating a Pearson correlation coefficient (r), you get a large negative value (-
0.89)
This means that
The exposure prevents the outcome
- The exposure is strongly negatively associated with the outcome
- You did the math wrong
- None of the answers are correct - answer The exposure is strongly negatively
associated with the outcome
Hills criteria of causality include which of the following?
- All answers
- Strength
- Dose-response
- Temporality - answerAll answers
The web of causation model specifies a type of causal relationship that is
- Specific
- Consistent
- Multifactorial
- Coherent - answerMultifactorial
When the value of one variable increases and the value of another variable decreases
the association is:
- Negative
- Continuous
- None of the answers
- Positive - answerNegative
When calculating a Pearson correlation coefficient (r), you get a large positive value
(8.9). This means that:
- The exposure causes the outcome
- You did the math wrong
- None of these answers are correct
- The exposure is strongly associated with the outcome - answerYou did the math
wrong
For which of the following criteria do epidemiologists need to observe the cause before
the effect?
- Consistency
- Temporality
- Coherence
,- Biological gradient - answerTemporality
A graphic plotting of the distribution of cases by time of onset is a(n):
- Threshold curve
- Multimodal curve
- Epidemic curve
- Dose-response curve - answerEpidemic curve
The lowest dose at which a particular response occurs is known as the:
- Correlation coefficient
- Threshold
- Transition dose
- Mode - answerThreshold
Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are
observed over time to document the incidence of disease in what type of study?
- Case-control
- Prospective cohort study
- Retrospective cohort study
- Cross-sectional study - answerProspective cohort study
The most important advantage of cohort studies is:
- It is cheap and provides a quick answer
- It allows one to take advantage of existing records and data
- It is easy to build up a control group
- It allows us to determine both the relative risk and attributable risk - answerIt allows us
to determine both the relative risk and attributable risk
Your Public Health internship preceptor at Pima County Health Department asks you to
collect background data on cancer rates for the US. You start going to:
- ADDMnet
- SEER
- BRFSS
- NHANES - answerSEER
A vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox was created by ____ in ____.
- Sir Percival Pott, late 1700s
- John Snow mid 1850s
- Ramazzini late 1600s
- Edward Jenner late 1700s - answerEdward Jenner late 1700s
A group of women with stage I breast cancer were recruited and randomized to receive
either lumpectomy alone or lumpectomy with breast radiation. The women were then
followed for 5 years to determine if there were any differences in breast cancer
recurrence and survival. This study is called:
- randomized controlled trial
, - case-control study
- ecological study
- cross-sectional study - answerrandomized controlled trial
A study that examines the incidence of developmental delays among residents of Flint
Michigan based on water source (Hint: in 2014 Flint water switched its source to the
Flint River (which has failed corrosion control and thus the aging pipes caused lead to
leach into the water supply) is known as:
- case control study
- ecological study
- cohort study
- cross-sectional study - answercohort study
A study that examines the death rates from prostate cancer in each of the 50 US states
in relation to the average percentage of men in each state undergoing annual PSA
screening is called:
- case-control study
- experimental study
- ecological study
- cohort study - answerecological study
Cohort studies are preferred by epidemiologists because they are
- cheap and easy to conduct
- good for assessing incidence
- lower in bias because you can match cases and controls
- the only study design that lets you calculate odds ratios - answergood for assessing
incidence
All are vital events except:
- death
- divorce
- graduation
- marriage - answergraduation
A classic ethical dilemma in biomedical research is the
- case definition change of valley fever in Arizona in 2009
- London cholera outbreak in 1850
- Smallpox eradication in Somalia 1977
- US public health service syphilis study - answerUS public health service syphilis study
Researchers interested in understanding the association between helmet use and injury
severity survey students on the UA campus with respect to bicycle safety and injury
sustained. The study design was:
- Ecological study
- Cohort study
- Cross-control study
