PSYCH 104 - Final Exam With Questions
And Answers Latest Update 2026
an enduring or durable change in
behaviour or mental processes (not
observable) due to experience
If change in mental processes,
only individual knows if the
change is leared
Learning Learning inferred from
behaviour (response to stimuli)
• Relatively permanent
• Causes a change in behaviour
• Occurs due to interactions with the
environment
Event-alone learning
Event-event learning
Types of Learning
Behaviour-event learning
Social learning
Habituation and sensitization
Event-alone learning changes in behavior resulting from
repeated exposure to a single stimulus
or event,
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
Event-event learning
Associating 2 events with each other
Instrumental (operant) conditioning
Behaviour-event learning Associating behaviour with
consequences of behaviour
Social learning Observational learning (social cues)
, something inborn or naturally occurring
Innate
e.g Babies trying to suck finger
, stimulus-response relationship which is either
learned or innate and indicates that behavior
that happens automatically
Reflex
Only applies to relatively small
proportion of behaviour
process by which we respond less strongly over
time to repeated stimuli
Habituation Not fixed, constantly changing to
stimulus
Stimulus specific
decrease in vigor of elicited behaviour that
Habituation effect occurs with repeated presentations of the
eliciting stimulus
Sensory adaptation: reduction in sensitivity of
sense organs bcuz of repeated stimulation
NOT habituation bcuz stop responding to loud
noise → loud noise causes sense organ to get
Habituation vs Sensory adaptation
tired and stop responding → hearing loss → not
habituation
not learning what’s happening; sense organ is
not working properly
Decrease in response happens to effect
of muscles
response to stimulus requires moving
muscle (for example) and muscles will
Habituation vs Fatigue
get tired because of tiredness; not
learning/habituation
Fatigue is not stimulus specific; doesn’t
respond to different stimulus
Decrease in behaviour due to repeated or
Fatigue excessive use of muscles
SO many stimuli in our environments
• Through habituation we learn which stimuli to
ADVANTAGES OF HABITUATION
ignore and which to respond to
e.g putting watch on wrist in morning
, increase in the strength of a response to a
repeated stimulus (increasing response)
Sensitization • Can result from repeated presentations of a
stimulus or by arousal from extraneous stimuli
Not stimulus specific
a form of learning in
which a neutral stimulus
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning comes to signal the
occurrence of a second
stimulus
Elicits brings about
anything in the environment that (a)
Stimulus we can detect, (b) is measurable, and (c) can
evoke a response or behavior
Association a relationship between two stimuli
Acquisition time while an association is being learned
• Biologically significant stimulus that already
Unconditioned Stimulus has a response associated with it
• Food; Pain
• Response naturally associated with the
Unconditioned Response (UR) unconditioned stimulus
• Salivation; Startle
• A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a
Neutral Stimulus (NS) response
• Tone; chime; bell
• Previously neutral stimulus that comes to
elicit a
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
conditioned response
• Tone; chime; bell
• Learned response to an environmental
Conditioned Response (CR) stimulus (CS)
• Salivation; Startle
And Answers Latest Update 2026
an enduring or durable change in
behaviour or mental processes (not
observable) due to experience
If change in mental processes,
only individual knows if the
change is leared
Learning Learning inferred from
behaviour (response to stimuli)
• Relatively permanent
• Causes a change in behaviour
• Occurs due to interactions with the
environment
Event-alone learning
Event-event learning
Types of Learning
Behaviour-event learning
Social learning
Habituation and sensitization
Event-alone learning changes in behavior resulting from
repeated exposure to a single stimulus
or event,
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
Event-event learning
Associating 2 events with each other
Instrumental (operant) conditioning
Behaviour-event learning Associating behaviour with
consequences of behaviour
Social learning Observational learning (social cues)
, something inborn or naturally occurring
Innate
e.g Babies trying to suck finger
, stimulus-response relationship which is either
learned or innate and indicates that behavior
that happens automatically
Reflex
Only applies to relatively small
proportion of behaviour
process by which we respond less strongly over
time to repeated stimuli
Habituation Not fixed, constantly changing to
stimulus
Stimulus specific
decrease in vigor of elicited behaviour that
Habituation effect occurs with repeated presentations of the
eliciting stimulus
Sensory adaptation: reduction in sensitivity of
sense organs bcuz of repeated stimulation
NOT habituation bcuz stop responding to loud
noise → loud noise causes sense organ to get
Habituation vs Sensory adaptation
tired and stop responding → hearing loss → not
habituation
not learning what’s happening; sense organ is
not working properly
Decrease in response happens to effect
of muscles
response to stimulus requires moving
muscle (for example) and muscles will
Habituation vs Fatigue
get tired because of tiredness; not
learning/habituation
Fatigue is not stimulus specific; doesn’t
respond to different stimulus
Decrease in behaviour due to repeated or
Fatigue excessive use of muscles
SO many stimuli in our environments
• Through habituation we learn which stimuli to
ADVANTAGES OF HABITUATION
ignore and which to respond to
e.g putting watch on wrist in morning
, increase in the strength of a response to a
repeated stimulus (increasing response)
Sensitization • Can result from repeated presentations of a
stimulus or by arousal from extraneous stimuli
Not stimulus specific
a form of learning in
which a neutral stimulus
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning comes to signal the
occurrence of a second
stimulus
Elicits brings about
anything in the environment that (a)
Stimulus we can detect, (b) is measurable, and (c) can
evoke a response or behavior
Association a relationship between two stimuli
Acquisition time while an association is being learned
• Biologically significant stimulus that already
Unconditioned Stimulus has a response associated with it
• Food; Pain
• Response naturally associated with the
Unconditioned Response (UR) unconditioned stimulus
• Salivation; Startle
• A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a
Neutral Stimulus (NS) response
• Tone; chime; bell
• Previously neutral stimulus that comes to
elicit a
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
conditioned response
• Tone; chime; bell
• Learned response to an environmental
Conditioned Response (CR) stimulus (CS)
• Salivation; Startle
