DBSM Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
Sleep needs by age:
Newborns
Infants
Toddlers
Preschoolers
School age
Teens
Young adults
Adults
Older adults -
correct answer ✅Newborns (0-3 months): 14-17 hours (11-13 and
18-19 ok)
Infants (4-11 months): 12-15 hours (10-11, 16-18 may be ok)
Toddlers (1-2 years): 11-14 hours (9-10, 15-16 may be ok)
Preschoolers (3-5): 10-13 hours (8-9, 14 may be ok)
School age children (6-13): 9-11 hours (7-8, 12 may be ok)
Teenagers (14-17): 8-10 hours (7, 11 may be ok)
Younger adults (18-25): 7-9 hours (6, 10-11 may be ok)
Adults (26-64): 7-9 hours (6, 10 may be ok)
Older adults (65+): 7-8 hours (5-6, 9 may be ok)
,DBSM Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
Two-process model of sleep regulation -
correct answer ✅Process C: Circadian rhythm, 24-hour cycle
Process S: Homeostatic drive for sleep, accumulates the longer you
are awake, will reset when go to sleep again (adenosine builds up)
Difference between these processes: Sleep pressure (largest at
11pm)
Cognitive performance and sleep rhythms -
correct answer ✅Sleep inertia: Groggy within first 10-15 minutes
of waking
Afternoon slump when both circadian and sleep homeostatic
processes go down
Circadian performance peaks at late afternoon/early evening
Sleep deprivation: Acute versus chronic -
correct answer ✅Acute: Melatonin and cortisol levels the same,
but growth hormones decreases (usually secreted during SWS)
whereas thyroid stimulating hormones increases
Chronic: After 2 weeks with <6 hours/night, performance levels fall
to same as level with 24-hr sleep deprivation
,DBSM Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
With 4 hours in bed per night, after 7 days levels fall to 24-hr sleep
deprivation levels, and after 4 hrs/night for 2 weeks, effects are
same as 2-3 days without any sleep
Acute + chronic sleep deprivation (total deprivation and then failure
to recover): level of impairment 10x worse (or more)
Ascending arousal system -
correct answer ✅Default for brain is wakefulness
Begins in the brainstem and goes to cortical region
Wake promoting centers: histamine (Benadryl inhibits); orexin;
dopamine; noradrenaline; serotonin
Sleep promoting center: GABA turns everything off-- sends
inhibitory signals to wake promoting regions; adenosine
accumulates longer you are awake and then drops during sleep
Sleep architecture plus waves -
correct answer ✅Wake: beta waves
Relaxed: alpha wakes
, DBSM Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
NREM (non rapid eye movement sleep):
-N1, 5% of sleep time, theta waves
-N2, 45% of sleep time, theta, spindles, and K-complexes
-N3/SWS, 25% of sleep time, delta & theta waves
REM: atonia/sleep paralysis/ "paradoxical sleep" because EEG and
NT appear as if brain is awake
25% of sleep time, beta waves
SWS versus REM sleep -
correct answer ✅SWS: First half of night
Slow oscillation (neocortex)
Sleep spindles (thalamus)
Sharp wave ripple(hippocampus)
Acetylcholine goes down
Noradrenaline/serotonin stable
Cortisol goes down
REM: Second half of night, looks similar to waking
(Grade A+)
Sleep needs by age:
Newborns
Infants
Toddlers
Preschoolers
School age
Teens
Young adults
Adults
Older adults -
correct answer ✅Newborns (0-3 months): 14-17 hours (11-13 and
18-19 ok)
Infants (4-11 months): 12-15 hours (10-11, 16-18 may be ok)
Toddlers (1-2 years): 11-14 hours (9-10, 15-16 may be ok)
Preschoolers (3-5): 10-13 hours (8-9, 14 may be ok)
School age children (6-13): 9-11 hours (7-8, 12 may be ok)
Teenagers (14-17): 8-10 hours (7, 11 may be ok)
Younger adults (18-25): 7-9 hours (6, 10-11 may be ok)
Adults (26-64): 7-9 hours (6, 10 may be ok)
Older adults (65+): 7-8 hours (5-6, 9 may be ok)
,DBSM Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
Two-process model of sleep regulation -
correct answer ✅Process C: Circadian rhythm, 24-hour cycle
Process S: Homeostatic drive for sleep, accumulates the longer you
are awake, will reset when go to sleep again (adenosine builds up)
Difference between these processes: Sleep pressure (largest at
11pm)
Cognitive performance and sleep rhythms -
correct answer ✅Sleep inertia: Groggy within first 10-15 minutes
of waking
Afternoon slump when both circadian and sleep homeostatic
processes go down
Circadian performance peaks at late afternoon/early evening
Sleep deprivation: Acute versus chronic -
correct answer ✅Acute: Melatonin and cortisol levels the same,
but growth hormones decreases (usually secreted during SWS)
whereas thyroid stimulating hormones increases
Chronic: After 2 weeks with <6 hours/night, performance levels fall
to same as level with 24-hr sleep deprivation
,DBSM Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
With 4 hours in bed per night, after 7 days levels fall to 24-hr sleep
deprivation levels, and after 4 hrs/night for 2 weeks, effects are
same as 2-3 days without any sleep
Acute + chronic sleep deprivation (total deprivation and then failure
to recover): level of impairment 10x worse (or more)
Ascending arousal system -
correct answer ✅Default for brain is wakefulness
Begins in the brainstem and goes to cortical region
Wake promoting centers: histamine (Benadryl inhibits); orexin;
dopamine; noradrenaline; serotonin
Sleep promoting center: GABA turns everything off-- sends
inhibitory signals to wake promoting regions; adenosine
accumulates longer you are awake and then drops during sleep
Sleep architecture plus waves -
correct answer ✅Wake: beta waves
Relaxed: alpha wakes
, DBSM Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
NREM (non rapid eye movement sleep):
-N1, 5% of sleep time, theta waves
-N2, 45% of sleep time, theta, spindles, and K-complexes
-N3/SWS, 25% of sleep time, delta & theta waves
REM: atonia/sleep paralysis/ "paradoxical sleep" because EEG and
NT appear as if brain is awake
25% of sleep time, beta waves
SWS versus REM sleep -
correct answer ✅SWS: First half of night
Slow oscillation (neocortex)
Sleep spindles (thalamus)
Sharp wave ripple(hippocampus)
Acetylcholine goes down
Noradrenaline/serotonin stable
Cortisol goes down
REM: Second half of night, looks similar to waking
