BIO 226-EXAM 1-MELTON QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Major endocrine glands - ANS Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal
Pancreas
Gonads
Endocrine system - ANS works with the Nervous System to control the body
Endocrine glands - ANS pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus
Pancreas and Gonads - ANS are both endocrine and exocrine
pancreas exocrine function - ANS digestion
pancreas endocrine - ANS insulin and glucagon
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Hormones - ANS chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids (blood)
ductless glands - ANS hormones are produced by what? (endocrine)
hormone - ANS -regulate metabolic function
-slower to work, and last longer than Nervous system Neurotransmitters (think of cortisone)
-Negative feedback
Two types of hormones - ANS -Steroid
-amino acid based
Hormone Action - ANS -alter plasma membrane permeability
-stimulate protein synthesis
-Activate or deactivate enzyme
-Induce secretory activity
-stimulate mitosis
Amino Acid based hormones - ANS -peptides (long chain) and monoamines
-water soluble
-Work fast, but duration is limited
-transported *freely*
*most hormones belong to this class*
Steroid hormones - ANS -derived from cholesterol
-lipid soluble
-work slowly, long duration
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, -requires plasma protein (M&M coating)
*Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones*
Second Messenger and Direct gene activation - ANS By what two mechanisms do hormones
alter target cell activity?
Second messenger mechanism - ANS -used by amino acid based hormones
-requires membrane bound receptor
*in cell membrane*
except Thyroxine
Hypothalamus; Posterior Pituitary - ANS ADH and oxytocin are produced by the ______ and
released by the _______.
direct gene activation - ANS -used by steroids and thyroxine
-requires intracellular receptor on target cell
*in cytoplasm or nucleus*
Steroid - ANS Which hormones are slower acting, yet longer lasting?
Second Messenger Mechanism (4 steps) - ANS 1. hormone binds to receptor
2. Receptor activates G protein
3. Another molecule is produced
4. A biological effect is achieved (enzymes, muscle contraction, etc.)
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Major endocrine glands - ANS Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal
Pancreas
Gonads
Endocrine system - ANS works with the Nervous System to control the body
Endocrine glands - ANS pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus
Pancreas and Gonads - ANS are both endocrine and exocrine
pancreas exocrine function - ANS digestion
pancreas endocrine - ANS insulin and glucagon
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Hormones - ANS chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids (blood)
ductless glands - ANS hormones are produced by what? (endocrine)
hormone - ANS -regulate metabolic function
-slower to work, and last longer than Nervous system Neurotransmitters (think of cortisone)
-Negative feedback
Two types of hormones - ANS -Steroid
-amino acid based
Hormone Action - ANS -alter plasma membrane permeability
-stimulate protein synthesis
-Activate or deactivate enzyme
-Induce secretory activity
-stimulate mitosis
Amino Acid based hormones - ANS -peptides (long chain) and monoamines
-water soluble
-Work fast, but duration is limited
-transported *freely*
*most hormones belong to this class*
Steroid hormones - ANS -derived from cholesterol
-lipid soluble
-work slowly, long duration
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, -requires plasma protein (M&M coating)
*Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones*
Second Messenger and Direct gene activation - ANS By what two mechanisms do hormones
alter target cell activity?
Second messenger mechanism - ANS -used by amino acid based hormones
-requires membrane bound receptor
*in cell membrane*
except Thyroxine
Hypothalamus; Posterior Pituitary - ANS ADH and oxytocin are produced by the ______ and
released by the _______.
direct gene activation - ANS -used by steroids and thyroxine
-requires intracellular receptor on target cell
*in cytoplasm or nucleus*
Steroid - ANS Which hormones are slower acting, yet longer lasting?
Second Messenger Mechanism (4 steps) - ANS 1. hormone binds to receptor
2. Receptor activates G protein
3. Another molecule is produced
4. A biological effect is achieved (enzymes, muscle contraction, etc.)
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
