BMS 300 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Respiratory System - Answers - 1. Gas Exchange
2. pH regulation of blood
BOHR effect - Answers - the role of co2 in reducing the affinity of hemoglobin for o2.
Concentration gradients - Answers - Biological membranes have the capacity to
separate ions and produce _________________. Although the membranes themselves
are relatively impervious to ionic movement, transmembrane proteins called ion
channels provide ion specific pathways that permit the movement of ions across the
membrane.
Osmosis - Answers - _________ is the movement of water from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration
Diffusion - Answers - ___________ is the movement of small molecules, especially
ions, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Fe - Answers - In regions where partial pressures of O2 are high, O2 enters the blood
stream by binding to ___ on hemoglobin
cooperative - Answers - the relationship of O2 and Fe on hemoglobin that the binding of
the first molecule of O2 increases the probability that a second molecule of O2 will bind
and so forth until each Fe atom in each of the four globin chains contains a molecule of
O2.
hemoglobin - Answers - The molecule in erythrocytes that binds O2 is ____________.
- oxygenated when each of its four molecules has a molecule of O2 attached.
-reduced or deoxygenated when the O2 leaves the Fe atoms.
-composed of four protein submits each with an O2-carrying Fe
CO2 - Answers - ___ is carried to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate HCO3- which is
facilitated by carbonic anhydrase H2CO3
motor neurons, CO2, pH, CO2, carbonic acid - Answers - -breathing requires rhythmic
activity of ________________ that drive the diaphragm.
-The stimulus for increased breathing rate is mostly from the effects of ___________.
-The effects of increased arterial PCO2 are indirect and function through changes in
_____.
-Because _____ is freely diffusible it easily leave the blood, and pass into the brain.
-In the brain CO2 forms ___________ and yields an increase in the H+ concentration in
the cerebral spinal fluid.
,diaphragm, CO2, action potential - Answers - -The breathing rhythm is controlled by the
waxing and waning of activity in the motor neurons that cause muscle contraction in the
_____________.
-The rate at which this activity cycles is largely regulated by the amount of ________
that dissolves in the cerebral spinal fluid and the interstitial fluid in the brain.
-A group of neurons in the brain stem located within a few millimeters of the surface are
sensitive to increases in H+ ion concentrations. These neurons respond to increased
H+ by increasing their rate of ___________________ generation.
respiratory, peripheral chemosensory, PCO2 - Answers - -The neurons sensitive to
increases in H+ cause motor neurons in the brain stem that activate the diaphragm to
become active.
-These centrally located sensors that monitor pH are the major contributors to changes
in ___________ rate.
-The __________________ neurons are located in the carotid and aortic bodies. These
neurons are sensitive to changes in arterial O2 and CO2. Their contribution to changes
in respiratory rate are small compared to the effects of the central receptors.
-Changes in arterial PO2 can effect respiratory rate and tidal volume, but arterial PO2
levels must fall below 60 mm of Hg before these changes have a significant effect on
respiration rate.
-The peripheral chemosensors are far more sensitive to changes in ________ than to
changes in PO2. However, the major driving force for changes in respiratory rate is the
change in pH that is sensed by neurons in the medulla.
Carbonic Anhydrase - Answers - _______________ increases the rate of carbonic acid
formation from CO2 and H2O. Once H2CO3 is formed, it quickly breaks into H+ ions
that bind to the amino acids in hemoglobin.
aquaporins - Answers - The water channels, called _________, permit water to move
across membranes down its concentration gradient.
ion pumps, NaK pump. - Answers - against the concentration gradient (Low to high).
-To do this, requires specialized transmembrane proteins called _______ that usually
use ATP as an energy source to move ions up a concentration gradient, i.e., from a
region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
-The most common of the ion pumps is the ________
cotransporter - Answers - The Na-driven ___________ is the most common of the -----.
These transmembrane proteins use the energy of the Na+ gradient across the epithelial
cell membrane to transport amino acids or glucose into cells.
renal artery, renal vein - Answers - Each kidney receives blood from a _________ and
is drained by a __________.
, insulin, glucagon - Answers - -There are two sets of scattered endocrine cells
embedded in the pancreas, the beta cells, and the alpha cells.
-The β cells produce ________ whereas the α cells produce _________. Both
hormones are important for the metabolism of glucose.
surfactants - Answers - A subset of epithelial cells in the alveoli called the TYPE II cells
secrete molecules called ________. These molecules are similar to detergent and they
serve to keep the alveoli from sticking together. Phospholipids are an important
component of the surfactant.
trachea - Answers - -a single tube that extends into the throat. It is covered by an
epiglottis during swallowing, but is otherwise open to permit air breathed in through the
nose and mouth to enter the respiratory system.
-ringed with hyaline cartilage to give it strength and prevent its collapse during
inspiration.
conducting zone - Answers - Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles
Mast - Answers - when _____ cell responds in the lungs, antibodies detect allergens
and release HISTAMIN which bind to smooth muscle G protein-coupled receptor and
cause contraction
Poiselle - Answers - According to ________'s law, Flow is proportional to r^4 so a little
change increases gas transport
Visceral, Parietal - Answers - ________ and _________ pleaura are made of
mesothelial cells, which is filled with fluid to lubricate the lungs and create negative
pressure
Respiratory zone - Answers - 🌀Alveoli, Type I Pneumocytes, Type II Pneumocytes
Thoracic Cavity - Answers - The pleura can be compared to a plastic bag whose inside
contains a thin film of water. The surface tension of the water will allow the internal
surfaces of the bag to cling to one another. In biology, this bag is formed by a
continuous epithelium. The apical regions of this epithelium face the thin film of fluid in
the lumen. The outside of the bag is equivalent to the basilar surfaces of the epithelium
whose basal lamina is connected mechanically on one side of the bag to the wall of the
____________, and on the other side to the surface of the lung.
renal system functions - Answers - -blood ph
-osmolality of blood and extracellular fluids
-eliminate nitrogenous waste
kidney function - Answers –
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Respiratory System - Answers - 1. Gas Exchange
2. pH regulation of blood
BOHR effect - Answers - the role of co2 in reducing the affinity of hemoglobin for o2.
Concentration gradients - Answers - Biological membranes have the capacity to
separate ions and produce _________________. Although the membranes themselves
are relatively impervious to ionic movement, transmembrane proteins called ion
channels provide ion specific pathways that permit the movement of ions across the
membrane.
Osmosis - Answers - _________ is the movement of water from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration
Diffusion - Answers - ___________ is the movement of small molecules, especially
ions, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Fe - Answers - In regions where partial pressures of O2 are high, O2 enters the blood
stream by binding to ___ on hemoglobin
cooperative - Answers - the relationship of O2 and Fe on hemoglobin that the binding of
the first molecule of O2 increases the probability that a second molecule of O2 will bind
and so forth until each Fe atom in each of the four globin chains contains a molecule of
O2.
hemoglobin - Answers - The molecule in erythrocytes that binds O2 is ____________.
- oxygenated when each of its four molecules has a molecule of O2 attached.
-reduced or deoxygenated when the O2 leaves the Fe atoms.
-composed of four protein submits each with an O2-carrying Fe
CO2 - Answers - ___ is carried to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate HCO3- which is
facilitated by carbonic anhydrase H2CO3
motor neurons, CO2, pH, CO2, carbonic acid - Answers - -breathing requires rhythmic
activity of ________________ that drive the diaphragm.
-The stimulus for increased breathing rate is mostly from the effects of ___________.
-The effects of increased arterial PCO2 are indirect and function through changes in
_____.
-Because _____ is freely diffusible it easily leave the blood, and pass into the brain.
-In the brain CO2 forms ___________ and yields an increase in the H+ concentration in
the cerebral spinal fluid.
,diaphragm, CO2, action potential - Answers - -The breathing rhythm is controlled by the
waxing and waning of activity in the motor neurons that cause muscle contraction in the
_____________.
-The rate at which this activity cycles is largely regulated by the amount of ________
that dissolves in the cerebral spinal fluid and the interstitial fluid in the brain.
-A group of neurons in the brain stem located within a few millimeters of the surface are
sensitive to increases in H+ ion concentrations. These neurons respond to increased
H+ by increasing their rate of ___________________ generation.
respiratory, peripheral chemosensory, PCO2 - Answers - -The neurons sensitive to
increases in H+ cause motor neurons in the brain stem that activate the diaphragm to
become active.
-These centrally located sensors that monitor pH are the major contributors to changes
in ___________ rate.
-The __________________ neurons are located in the carotid and aortic bodies. These
neurons are sensitive to changes in arterial O2 and CO2. Their contribution to changes
in respiratory rate are small compared to the effects of the central receptors.
-Changes in arterial PO2 can effect respiratory rate and tidal volume, but arterial PO2
levels must fall below 60 mm of Hg before these changes have a significant effect on
respiration rate.
-The peripheral chemosensors are far more sensitive to changes in ________ than to
changes in PO2. However, the major driving force for changes in respiratory rate is the
change in pH that is sensed by neurons in the medulla.
Carbonic Anhydrase - Answers - _______________ increases the rate of carbonic acid
formation from CO2 and H2O. Once H2CO3 is formed, it quickly breaks into H+ ions
that bind to the amino acids in hemoglobin.
aquaporins - Answers - The water channels, called _________, permit water to move
across membranes down its concentration gradient.
ion pumps, NaK pump. - Answers - against the concentration gradient (Low to high).
-To do this, requires specialized transmembrane proteins called _______ that usually
use ATP as an energy source to move ions up a concentration gradient, i.e., from a
region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
-The most common of the ion pumps is the ________
cotransporter - Answers - The Na-driven ___________ is the most common of the -----.
These transmembrane proteins use the energy of the Na+ gradient across the epithelial
cell membrane to transport amino acids or glucose into cells.
renal artery, renal vein - Answers - Each kidney receives blood from a _________ and
is drained by a __________.
, insulin, glucagon - Answers - -There are two sets of scattered endocrine cells
embedded in the pancreas, the beta cells, and the alpha cells.
-The β cells produce ________ whereas the α cells produce _________. Both
hormones are important for the metabolism of glucose.
surfactants - Answers - A subset of epithelial cells in the alveoli called the TYPE II cells
secrete molecules called ________. These molecules are similar to detergent and they
serve to keep the alveoli from sticking together. Phospholipids are an important
component of the surfactant.
trachea - Answers - -a single tube that extends into the throat. It is covered by an
epiglottis during swallowing, but is otherwise open to permit air breathed in through the
nose and mouth to enter the respiratory system.
-ringed with hyaline cartilage to give it strength and prevent its collapse during
inspiration.
conducting zone - Answers - Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles
Mast - Answers - when _____ cell responds in the lungs, antibodies detect allergens
and release HISTAMIN which bind to smooth muscle G protein-coupled receptor and
cause contraction
Poiselle - Answers - According to ________'s law, Flow is proportional to r^4 so a little
change increases gas transport
Visceral, Parietal - Answers - ________ and _________ pleaura are made of
mesothelial cells, which is filled with fluid to lubricate the lungs and create negative
pressure
Respiratory zone - Answers - 🌀Alveoli, Type I Pneumocytes, Type II Pneumocytes
Thoracic Cavity - Answers - The pleura can be compared to a plastic bag whose inside
contains a thin film of water. The surface tension of the water will allow the internal
surfaces of the bag to cling to one another. In biology, this bag is formed by a
continuous epithelium. The apical regions of this epithelium face the thin film of fluid in
the lumen. The outside of the bag is equivalent to the basilar surfaces of the epithelium
whose basal lamina is connected mechanically on one side of the bag to the wall of the
____________, and on the other side to the surface of the lung.
renal system functions - Answers - -blood ph
-osmolality of blood and extracellular fluids
-eliminate nitrogenous waste
kidney function - Answers –
