ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BY PORTH
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026 TESTED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED
TO PASS
◉ Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol. Increase heart rate and
increase in blood pressure Answer: Catecholamines - Flight or fight
response
◉ Plasma protein. It keeps water along with it. Water escapes into
interstitial cell space. Swelling. Fluid is in the wrong places. Fluid in
the peritoneal cavity. Answer: Function of Albumin - decrease
albumin - ascites
◉ Sodium and water retention Answer: Function of aldosterone
◉ extracellular, interstitial, intracellular, intravascular Answer:
Different fluid compartments
◉ increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. Decreased albumin
levels. Answer: Causes of edema
,◉ Sign is something you see. Objective you observe is a sign.
Subjective is a symptom. Symptom is something the patient is
feeling. Answer: Signs and Symptoms
◉ Immune complex reaction. RA and SLE Answer: Type 3
hypersensitivity reaction examples
◉ Contact with allergen Answer: Cause of contact dermatitis
◉ Primary, secondary, tertiary Answer: Levels of prevention
◉ Fatal to brain- Nervous system changes Answer: Hyponatremia
◉ They will not listen to the signals of apoptosis cell death. They
communicate and invade nearby organs Answer: Metastatic cancer
cells
◉ Powerhouse. Answer: Function of the mitochondria
◉ Helps with the production of proteins synthesis. Answer:
Ribosomes
, ◉ After 50 years, every 10 years screening for colonoscopy. Stool for
occult blood every year, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years Answer:
Colonoscopy
◉ Helps in the production of RBC, WBC, and platelets.
Hematopoiesis Answer: Primary function of the bone marrow
◉ Swelling, pain, redness, warmth Answer: Assessment findings
with localized inflammation
◉ Increased amount white blood cells Answer: Leukocytosis
◉ Uncontrolled modification of immature white blood cells,
decreased RBC, and decreased platelet. Lead to bone marrow
suppression Answer: Leukemia
◉ Develop disease and develop immunity of disease
(immunization). Answer: Active immunity
◉ Transfer of antibodies of one person to another. Answer: Passive
immunity
◉ Abnormal uric acid metabolism Answer: What happens with
Gout?
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026 TESTED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED
TO PASS
◉ Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol. Increase heart rate and
increase in blood pressure Answer: Catecholamines - Flight or fight
response
◉ Plasma protein. It keeps water along with it. Water escapes into
interstitial cell space. Swelling. Fluid is in the wrong places. Fluid in
the peritoneal cavity. Answer: Function of Albumin - decrease
albumin - ascites
◉ Sodium and water retention Answer: Function of aldosterone
◉ extracellular, interstitial, intracellular, intravascular Answer:
Different fluid compartments
◉ increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. Decreased albumin
levels. Answer: Causes of edema
,◉ Sign is something you see. Objective you observe is a sign.
Subjective is a symptom. Symptom is something the patient is
feeling. Answer: Signs and Symptoms
◉ Immune complex reaction. RA and SLE Answer: Type 3
hypersensitivity reaction examples
◉ Contact with allergen Answer: Cause of contact dermatitis
◉ Primary, secondary, tertiary Answer: Levels of prevention
◉ Fatal to brain- Nervous system changes Answer: Hyponatremia
◉ They will not listen to the signals of apoptosis cell death. They
communicate and invade nearby organs Answer: Metastatic cancer
cells
◉ Powerhouse. Answer: Function of the mitochondria
◉ Helps with the production of proteins synthesis. Answer:
Ribosomes
, ◉ After 50 years, every 10 years screening for colonoscopy. Stool for
occult blood every year, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years Answer:
Colonoscopy
◉ Helps in the production of RBC, WBC, and platelets.
Hematopoiesis Answer: Primary function of the bone marrow
◉ Swelling, pain, redness, warmth Answer: Assessment findings
with localized inflammation
◉ Increased amount white blood cells Answer: Leukocytosis
◉ Uncontrolled modification of immature white blood cells,
decreased RBC, and decreased platelet. Lead to bone marrow
suppression Answer: Leukemia
◉ Develop disease and develop immunity of disease
(immunization). Answer: Active immunity
◉ Transfer of antibodies of one person to another. Answer: Passive
immunity
◉ Abnormal uric acid metabolism Answer: What happens with
Gout?
