CFRN LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
RATED A+
✔✔Epiglottitis is a medical emergency in the pediatric population. Remember the four
Ds, which stand for:
A. Dysphagia, dysphonia, drooling, and distress
B. Diaphoresis, diplopia, diarrhea, and distress
C. Dilated (pupils), drooling, distress, and diaphoresis
D. Drooling, dysphagia, distant lung sounds, and distress - ✔✔A. Dysphagia,
dysphonia, drooling, and distress
✔✔Options to relieve a foreign body airway obstruction in a pediatric includes:
A. Abdominal thrusts only
B. One attempt at nasotracheal intubation
C. Carotid massage
D. Chest thrusts, Heimlich maneuver, and laryngoscopy with Magill forceps - ✔✔D.
Chest thrusts, Heimlich maneuver, and laryngoscopy with Magill forceps
✔✔A child in shock will fail quickly when the child's compensatory systems:
A. Are in overdrive
B. Fail
C. Thrive
D. Are functioning normally - ✔✔B. Fail
✔✔In a child in shock, the heart rate is the:
A. Only compensatory mechanism
B. Last compensatory mechanism
C. Primary compensatory mechanism
D. None of the above - ✔✔C. Primary compensatory mechanism
✔✔Trauma is the pediatric patient is the most common cause of
___________________ shock.
A. Anaphylactic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Neurogenic
,D. Cardiogenic - ✔✔B. Hypovolemic
✔✔Causes of cardiogenic shock in the pediatric patient include all of the following
EXCEPT:
A. Hyperammonemia
B. Drug toxicity
C. Myocarditis
D. Arrhythmias - ✔✔A. Hyperammonemia
✔✔The primary treatments for distributive / neurogenic shock include:
A. Lasix and nitroglycerin
B. Volume replacement and epinephrine
C. Dobutamine and metoprolol
D. Albuterol - ✔✔B. Volume replacement and epinephrine
✔✔An example of a cardiac defect that does not cause cyanosis in the pediatric patient
is:
A. Transposition of the Great Arteries
B. Tetralogy of Fallot
C. Pulmonary Stenosis
D. All of the above - ✔✔C. Pulmonary Stenosis
✔✔Common diagnostic cardiac tests for the pediatric patient include of the following
EXCEPT:
A. 12-lead ECG
B. Palpating pulses
C. Feeling the child's skin temperature
D. Assessing capillary refill - ✔✔A. 12-lead ECG
✔✔Prolonged, unrelieved obstruction causes irreversible damage is typically seen in
what type of renal disorder?
A. Postrenal disorders
B. Suprarenal disorders
C. Obstructed venous disorders
D. Lateral renal disorders - ✔✔A. Postrenal disorders
,✔✔Head injuries are the leading cause of ______________________ in the pediatric
population.
A. Pneumonia
B. Degenerate spinal disease
C. Death
D. All of the above - ✔✔C. Death
✔✔Which of the following statements about congenital heart defects is TRUE?
A. The term infant is at the highest risk for an undiagnosed congenital heart defect.
B. Congenital heart defects are classified as either cyanotic or acyanotic.
C. A child with a relatively small lesion may go on to age 8 to 12 months before it is
detected.
D. The pattern of cyanosis, decreased mental status, and lethargy may mimic
hypoglycemia. - ✔✔B. Congenital heart defects are classified as either cyanotic or
acyanotic.
✔✔While caring for a critical patient with profound hypoxia, you recall that changes in
the V/Q ratio is one of the most common causes of hypoxemia. Which of the following
best describes the V/Q ratio?
A. A marker for inflammation when a blood clot may be present
B. A measure of the coaguability of the pulmonary blood flow
C. A measurement of how much blood flow must be present at the alveolar capillary
membrane for perfusion to take place
D. A serologic measurement of pulmonary injury - ✔✔C. A measurement of how much
blood flow must be present at the alveolar capillary membrane for perfusion to take
place
✔✔In the presence of midface trauma with instability, which airway maneuver would be
contraindicated?
A. Digital intubation
B. Oropharyngeal suctioning of foreign bodies
C. Oral intubation
D. Nasotracheal intubation - ✔✔D. Nasotracheal intubation
✔✔You are on scene with a 37 year-old male involved in an MVC, combative and
confused on-scene. Patient was intubated with a 8.0 ETT, 24 cm at the lips.
, Quantitative ETCO2 monitoring shows a ETCO2 of 50. Which action should be
undertaken by the flight/transport nurse?
A. Slightly hyperventile the patient
B. Switch to a litmus paper ETCO2 detector
C. Advance ETT 1 cm, then reassess
D. Continue ventilating at 12 bpm with 100% FiO2 - ✔✔A. Slightly hyperventile the
patient
✔✔When assessing your patient's airway prior to intubation, you use the Mallampati
classification. Your physical assessment reveals that the posterior pharynx is partially
exposed. Based on your knowledge of this classification, you know that this is a
Mallampati grade class of:
A. I.
B. II.
C. III.
D. IV. - ✔✔B. II.
✔✔During intubation, the operator may use the BURP technique. This acronym stands
for:
A. Bag the patient, use pressure, reverse, placement
B. Bilateral, upwards, replace, position
C. Backward, upward, rightward, pressure
D. Beneath, under, rearward, posterior - ✔✔C. Backward, upward, rightward, pressure
✔✔You have just orally intubated your patient. When listening to breath sounds, you
note that there are air sounds over the epigastrium. It is difficult to determine the
presence of lung sounds. There is no significant chest rise or fall with revelations. The
most appropriate action at this point is to:
A. Deflate the cuff and pull back the tube 2 to 3 cm.
B. Deflate the cuff and advance the tube 1 to 2 cm.
C. Continue to ventilate for another minute and then reassess.
D. Deflate the cuff, remove the tube, and repeat the steps for oral intubation. - ✔✔D.
Deflate the cuff, remove the tube, and repeat the steps for oral
✔✔After several failed intubation attempts, your patient still requires an advanced
airway. There is a significant chance your patient has an airway obstruction as well. You
RATED A+
✔✔Epiglottitis is a medical emergency in the pediatric population. Remember the four
Ds, which stand for:
A. Dysphagia, dysphonia, drooling, and distress
B. Diaphoresis, diplopia, diarrhea, and distress
C. Dilated (pupils), drooling, distress, and diaphoresis
D. Drooling, dysphagia, distant lung sounds, and distress - ✔✔A. Dysphagia,
dysphonia, drooling, and distress
✔✔Options to relieve a foreign body airway obstruction in a pediatric includes:
A. Abdominal thrusts only
B. One attempt at nasotracheal intubation
C. Carotid massage
D. Chest thrusts, Heimlich maneuver, and laryngoscopy with Magill forceps - ✔✔D.
Chest thrusts, Heimlich maneuver, and laryngoscopy with Magill forceps
✔✔A child in shock will fail quickly when the child's compensatory systems:
A. Are in overdrive
B. Fail
C. Thrive
D. Are functioning normally - ✔✔B. Fail
✔✔In a child in shock, the heart rate is the:
A. Only compensatory mechanism
B. Last compensatory mechanism
C. Primary compensatory mechanism
D. None of the above - ✔✔C. Primary compensatory mechanism
✔✔Trauma is the pediatric patient is the most common cause of
___________________ shock.
A. Anaphylactic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Neurogenic
,D. Cardiogenic - ✔✔B. Hypovolemic
✔✔Causes of cardiogenic shock in the pediatric patient include all of the following
EXCEPT:
A. Hyperammonemia
B. Drug toxicity
C. Myocarditis
D. Arrhythmias - ✔✔A. Hyperammonemia
✔✔The primary treatments for distributive / neurogenic shock include:
A. Lasix and nitroglycerin
B. Volume replacement and epinephrine
C. Dobutamine and metoprolol
D. Albuterol - ✔✔B. Volume replacement and epinephrine
✔✔An example of a cardiac defect that does not cause cyanosis in the pediatric patient
is:
A. Transposition of the Great Arteries
B. Tetralogy of Fallot
C. Pulmonary Stenosis
D. All of the above - ✔✔C. Pulmonary Stenosis
✔✔Common diagnostic cardiac tests for the pediatric patient include of the following
EXCEPT:
A. 12-lead ECG
B. Palpating pulses
C. Feeling the child's skin temperature
D. Assessing capillary refill - ✔✔A. 12-lead ECG
✔✔Prolonged, unrelieved obstruction causes irreversible damage is typically seen in
what type of renal disorder?
A. Postrenal disorders
B. Suprarenal disorders
C. Obstructed venous disorders
D. Lateral renal disorders - ✔✔A. Postrenal disorders
,✔✔Head injuries are the leading cause of ______________________ in the pediatric
population.
A. Pneumonia
B. Degenerate spinal disease
C. Death
D. All of the above - ✔✔C. Death
✔✔Which of the following statements about congenital heart defects is TRUE?
A. The term infant is at the highest risk for an undiagnosed congenital heart defect.
B. Congenital heart defects are classified as either cyanotic or acyanotic.
C. A child with a relatively small lesion may go on to age 8 to 12 months before it is
detected.
D. The pattern of cyanosis, decreased mental status, and lethargy may mimic
hypoglycemia. - ✔✔B. Congenital heart defects are classified as either cyanotic or
acyanotic.
✔✔While caring for a critical patient with profound hypoxia, you recall that changes in
the V/Q ratio is one of the most common causes of hypoxemia. Which of the following
best describes the V/Q ratio?
A. A marker for inflammation when a blood clot may be present
B. A measure of the coaguability of the pulmonary blood flow
C. A measurement of how much blood flow must be present at the alveolar capillary
membrane for perfusion to take place
D. A serologic measurement of pulmonary injury - ✔✔C. A measurement of how much
blood flow must be present at the alveolar capillary membrane for perfusion to take
place
✔✔In the presence of midface trauma with instability, which airway maneuver would be
contraindicated?
A. Digital intubation
B. Oropharyngeal suctioning of foreign bodies
C. Oral intubation
D. Nasotracheal intubation - ✔✔D. Nasotracheal intubation
✔✔You are on scene with a 37 year-old male involved in an MVC, combative and
confused on-scene. Patient was intubated with a 8.0 ETT, 24 cm at the lips.
, Quantitative ETCO2 monitoring shows a ETCO2 of 50. Which action should be
undertaken by the flight/transport nurse?
A. Slightly hyperventile the patient
B. Switch to a litmus paper ETCO2 detector
C. Advance ETT 1 cm, then reassess
D. Continue ventilating at 12 bpm with 100% FiO2 - ✔✔A. Slightly hyperventile the
patient
✔✔When assessing your patient's airway prior to intubation, you use the Mallampati
classification. Your physical assessment reveals that the posterior pharynx is partially
exposed. Based on your knowledge of this classification, you know that this is a
Mallampati grade class of:
A. I.
B. II.
C. III.
D. IV. - ✔✔B. II.
✔✔During intubation, the operator may use the BURP technique. This acronym stands
for:
A. Bag the patient, use pressure, reverse, placement
B. Bilateral, upwards, replace, position
C. Backward, upward, rightward, pressure
D. Beneath, under, rearward, posterior - ✔✔C. Backward, upward, rightward, pressure
✔✔You have just orally intubated your patient. When listening to breath sounds, you
note that there are air sounds over the epigastrium. It is difficult to determine the
presence of lung sounds. There is no significant chest rise or fall with revelations. The
most appropriate action at this point is to:
A. Deflate the cuff and pull back the tube 2 to 3 cm.
B. Deflate the cuff and advance the tube 1 to 2 cm.
C. Continue to ventilate for another minute and then reassess.
D. Deflate the cuff, remove the tube, and repeat the steps for oral intubation. - ✔✔D.
Deflate the cuff, remove the tube, and repeat the steps for oral
✔✔After several failed intubation attempts, your patient still requires an advanced
airway. There is a significant chance your patient has an airway obstruction as well. You
