LRA 211 FINAL REVIEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
Basic Atomic Structure - ANS Early models evolved into electron cloud quantum model.
Structure of an Atom - ANS Nucleus with protons/neutrons; electrons in shells.
Atomic Interactions - ANS How atoms bond or transfer energy.
Electron Shell Diagram - ANS Shows electron distribution by energy levels.
Atomic Number - ANS Number of protons in nucleus.
Atomic Mass Number - ANS Protons plus neutrons in nucleus.
Atomic Symbol - ANS Abbreviation representing an element.
ionic bond - ANS Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to
another
covalent bond - ANS a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Electromagnetic Spectrum - ANS Range of energy waves from radio to gamma.
Metric Units - ANS A measurement system that measures length in millimeters, centimeters,
meters, and kilometers; capacity in liters and milliliters; mass in grams and kilograms; and
temperature in degrees Celsius
Anatomy of the X-ray Tube - ANS Cathode, anode, glass envelope, rotor, stator
Anode Heel Effect - ANS Intensity stronger on cathode side.
Photoelectric Effect - ANS Photon ejects inner-shell electron; total absorption.
Photons and Target Interactions - ANS Photon energy transferred to matter.
Electric Charge - ANS Protons positive, electrons negative, neutrons neutral.
Anode vs Cathode - ANS Anode positive; cathode negative filament.
Characteristic Cascade - ANS Electron transitions filling inner-shell vacancy.
Characteristic Photons - ANS Produced from shell transition energy differences.
Bremsstrahlung Interaction - ANS An incident electron interacts with the force field of the
nucleus, causing the incident electron to slow down, thus diverting the electron's course. The
electron loses energy and changes direction. The energy lost is a bremsstrahlung photon, and
the photon energy is half the difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the
electron.
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
Basic Atomic Structure - ANS Early models evolved into electron cloud quantum model.
Structure of an Atom - ANS Nucleus with protons/neutrons; electrons in shells.
Atomic Interactions - ANS How atoms bond or transfer energy.
Electron Shell Diagram - ANS Shows electron distribution by energy levels.
Atomic Number - ANS Number of protons in nucleus.
Atomic Mass Number - ANS Protons plus neutrons in nucleus.
Atomic Symbol - ANS Abbreviation representing an element.
ionic bond - ANS Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to
another
covalent bond - ANS a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Electromagnetic Spectrum - ANS Range of energy waves from radio to gamma.
Metric Units - ANS A measurement system that measures length in millimeters, centimeters,
meters, and kilometers; capacity in liters and milliliters; mass in grams and kilograms; and
temperature in degrees Celsius
Anatomy of the X-ray Tube - ANS Cathode, anode, glass envelope, rotor, stator
Anode Heel Effect - ANS Intensity stronger on cathode side.
Photoelectric Effect - ANS Photon ejects inner-shell electron; total absorption.
Photons and Target Interactions - ANS Photon energy transferred to matter.
Electric Charge - ANS Protons positive, electrons negative, neutrons neutral.
Anode vs Cathode - ANS Anode positive; cathode negative filament.
Characteristic Cascade - ANS Electron transitions filling inner-shell vacancy.
Characteristic Photons - ANS Produced from shell transition energy differences.
Bremsstrahlung Interaction - ANS An incident electron interacts with the force field of the
nucleus, causing the incident electron to slow down, thus diverting the electron's course. The
electron loses energy and changes direction. The energy lost is a bremsstrahlung photon, and
the photon energy is half the difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the
electron.
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
