NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam-
University of South Alabama
Save
Afferent Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Which nerves are incapable of Neurons in the Central Nervous System (CNS) do
regeneration? not divide and injury causes permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better Crushed nerves recover better
outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut
How do peripheral nerves repair Axonal Reaction
themselves?
,Name 8 local changes that occur 1. Cut end retracts and the axolemma covers the
when an axon is severed cut end, reducing escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to
phagocytize damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl
bodies, and lateral migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the
distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and
loses contact with post synaptic membrane within
7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize
remnants of axon terminal
7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or
tube of schwann cells enclosed by the original
basal lamina of the endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal end
of the injured axon and are similar to antegrade
changes but only back to the next node of Ranvier
Retrograde changes to the Proximal The next node of Ranvier
end of an injured axon only go back
to what?
In what time span do new terminal 7-14 days
sprouts project from the proximal
segment of an injured axon?
What is the length of growth per day 1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the
of an injured axon? And what is Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
regrowth limited to?
The closer the injury is to the cell The greater the chances that the cell will die and
body of a nerve... not regenerate
, How does the location of an injury Injured nerves closer to the spinal cord recover
among Peripheral Nerves play a slower and poorly because of the long distance
factor? between the cell body and the peripheral
termination of the axon.
Regeneration of axonal constituents glial scar formation (gliosis) and the different
in the CNS is limited by what nature of myelin formed by the oligodendrocyte
What 4 factors do nerve 1. Location of injury
regeneration depend on 2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of 3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac output
cardiac output received
Prefrontal Area is responsible for Goal-oriented behavior, short term memory,
what? concentration, elaboration of thought and
inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is motor movement, extrapyramidal system, eye
responsible for what? movement, (Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Primary motor area is responsible for Primary voluntary motor = somatotropic
what? organization (Homunculus = little man)
Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the
opposite side of the body.
Control of the opposite side of the Contralateral control
body is called what?
University of South Alabama
Save
Afferent Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Which nerves are incapable of Neurons in the Central Nervous System (CNS) do
regeneration? not divide and injury causes permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better Crushed nerves recover better
outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut
How do peripheral nerves repair Axonal Reaction
themselves?
,Name 8 local changes that occur 1. Cut end retracts and the axolemma covers the
when an axon is severed cut end, reducing escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to
phagocytize damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl
bodies, and lateral migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the
distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and
loses contact with post synaptic membrane within
7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize
remnants of axon terminal
7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or
tube of schwann cells enclosed by the original
basal lamina of the endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal end
of the injured axon and are similar to antegrade
changes but only back to the next node of Ranvier
Retrograde changes to the Proximal The next node of Ranvier
end of an injured axon only go back
to what?
In what time span do new terminal 7-14 days
sprouts project from the proximal
segment of an injured axon?
What is the length of growth per day 1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the
of an injured axon? And what is Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
regrowth limited to?
The closer the injury is to the cell The greater the chances that the cell will die and
body of a nerve... not regenerate
, How does the location of an injury Injured nerves closer to the spinal cord recover
among Peripheral Nerves play a slower and poorly because of the long distance
factor? between the cell body and the peripheral
termination of the axon.
Regeneration of axonal constituents glial scar formation (gliosis) and the different
in the CNS is limited by what nature of myelin formed by the oligodendrocyte
What 4 factors do nerve 1. Location of injury
regeneration depend on 2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of 3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac output
cardiac output received
Prefrontal Area is responsible for Goal-oriented behavior, short term memory,
what? concentration, elaboration of thought and
inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is motor movement, extrapyramidal system, eye
responsible for what? movement, (Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Primary motor area is responsible for Primary voluntary motor = somatotropic
what? organization (Homunculus = little man)
Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the
opposite side of the body.
Control of the opposite side of the Contralateral control
body is called what?
