Summary Pharmacology Study Notes with Rationales – Simplified

Psychiatric · 이 이 이 Benzodiazepines (eg, alprazolam [Xanax], lorazepam [Ativan], clonazepam, diazepam) are commonly used antianxiety drugs. They work by potentiating endogenous GABA, a neurotransmitter that decreases excitability of nerve cells, particularly in the limbic system of the brain, which controls emotions. Benzodiazepines may cause sedation, which can interfere with daytime activities. Giving the dose at bedtime will help the client sleep. Benzodiazepines have a sedative effect and should be administered at bedtime when possible. Benzodiazepines should never be stopped abruptly in long-term users as this can precipitate withdrawal symptoms. Eliminating aged cheeses and processed meats, which contain tyramine, is necessary with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (eg, tranylcypromine, phenelzine), which are used for depressive disorders. A benzodiazepine should never be stopped abruptly. Instead, it should be tapered gradually to prevent rebound anxiety and a withdrawal reaction characterized by increased anxiety, confusion, and more. Lithium is a mood stabilizer most often used to treat bipolar affective disorders. It has a very narrow therapeutic serum range of 0.6-1.2 mEq/L (0.6-1.2 mmol/L). Levels 1.5 mEq/L (1.5 mmol/L) are considered toxic. Lithium toxicity usually occurs with the following: • Dehydration Ο Decreased renal function (eg, elderly clients) • Diet low in sodium • Drug-drug interactions (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] and thiazide diuretics)