SOCIOLOGY 1310 – FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
Troubles - ANS privately felt problems that come from events or feelings in one individual's
life
Issues - ANS problems that affect large numbers of people and have their origins in the
institutional arrangements and history of a society
Karl Marx (1818-1883) - ANS Work was devoted to explaining how capitalism shaped society.
Argued that capitalism is an economic system based on the pursuit of profit and the sanctity of
private property. Used class systems to explain capitalism, with the capitalists, the proletariat
(working class), the petty bourgeoisie (small businesses and petty owners), and the
lumpenproletariat (the homeless, people discarded by the capitalist system). Considered society
to be shaped by economic forces.
Max Weber (1864-1920) - ANS Influenced by Marx. Theorized that society had three basic
dimensions: political, economic, and cultural. Developed a multidimensional analysis of society.
"Verstehen" was an important concept in Weber's sociology.
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) - ANS Jewish sociologist. Questioned what forces hold society
together and make it stable. Believed that people in society are glued together by belief
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, systems. Thought that public rituals have a place in society, and punishing people publicly
sustained moral cohesion in society. Viewed society as an entity larger than the sum of its parts.
Durkheim's Anomie - ANS Anomie is the breakdown of social norms regulating behavior.
Durkheim and other sociological theorists coined anomie as 'a reaction against, or retreat from,
the social controls of society.' All deviant behavior stems from a state of anomie, including
suicide.
Debunking - ANS looking behind the facades of everyday life. According to Peter Berger,
examining the most controversial topics (the "unmasking tendency of sociology.")
Ethnocentrism - ANS the belief that one's in-group is superior to all out-groups
Cultural hegemony - ANS the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout
society
Cultural lag - ANS the delay in cultural adjustments to changing social conditions
Cultural relativism - ANS the idea that something can be understood and judged only in
relationship to the cultural context in which it applies
Attribution error - ANS error made in attributing the causes for someone's behavior to their
membership in a particular group, such as a racial group
Attribution theory - ANS the principle that dispositional attributions are made about others
(what the other is "really like") under certain conditions, such as out-group membership.
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
Troubles - ANS privately felt problems that come from events or feelings in one individual's
life
Issues - ANS problems that affect large numbers of people and have their origins in the
institutional arrangements and history of a society
Karl Marx (1818-1883) - ANS Work was devoted to explaining how capitalism shaped society.
Argued that capitalism is an economic system based on the pursuit of profit and the sanctity of
private property. Used class systems to explain capitalism, with the capitalists, the proletariat
(working class), the petty bourgeoisie (small businesses and petty owners), and the
lumpenproletariat (the homeless, people discarded by the capitalist system). Considered society
to be shaped by economic forces.
Max Weber (1864-1920) - ANS Influenced by Marx. Theorized that society had three basic
dimensions: political, economic, and cultural. Developed a multidimensional analysis of society.
"Verstehen" was an important concept in Weber's sociology.
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) - ANS Jewish sociologist. Questioned what forces hold society
together and make it stable. Believed that people in society are glued together by belief
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, systems. Thought that public rituals have a place in society, and punishing people publicly
sustained moral cohesion in society. Viewed society as an entity larger than the sum of its parts.
Durkheim's Anomie - ANS Anomie is the breakdown of social norms regulating behavior.
Durkheim and other sociological theorists coined anomie as 'a reaction against, or retreat from,
the social controls of society.' All deviant behavior stems from a state of anomie, including
suicide.
Debunking - ANS looking behind the facades of everyday life. According to Peter Berger,
examining the most controversial topics (the "unmasking tendency of sociology.")
Ethnocentrism - ANS the belief that one's in-group is superior to all out-groups
Cultural hegemony - ANS the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout
society
Cultural lag - ANS the delay in cultural adjustments to changing social conditions
Cultural relativism - ANS the idea that something can be understood and judged only in
relationship to the cultural context in which it applies
Attribution error - ANS error made in attributing the causes for someone's behavior to their
membership in a particular group, such as a racial group
Attribution theory - ANS the principle that dispositional attributions are made about others
(what the other is "really like") under certain conditions, such as out-group membership.
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
