Cell Bio Exam 1 questions with answers
What does cell theory state? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
All living creatures are made of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic structural unit of living things
3. On today's Earth, cells can only arise by division from
preexisting cells
What are some basic properties of cells? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔- Being composed of proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates and nucleic acids
- Having a high degree of complexity
- Encoding information in genes
- Being delineated from the rest of the world by a
membrane
- Being able to reproduce themselves
- Being able to acquire and utilize energy
- Being able to carry out a variety of chemical reactions
- Being able to carry out mechanical activities
- Being able to respond to stimuli
- Being capable of self-regulation
- Being capable of evolving
- Do NOT need to have ALL of these qualities
,What is the Central Dogma of Cell Biology? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔1. Activation 2. Transcription (pre-mRNA
made) 3. Processing (mature mRNA) 4. Translation
What is the genetic flow of information? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔DNA codes for mRNA (codes for protein
sequence) and for small RNA species (regulate the
stability of mRNA)
What is a general principle true in most cases, but not
always? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔One gene codes for one
protein
Not always true: Genes can be spliced alternatively,
proteins can be cleaved into multiple active species
Proteins fold into specific shapes to make what? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-Enzymes, which carry out
chemical reactions
- Structural proteins (which provide organization)
- Regulatory molecules (which provide information)
Changes in DNA produce what? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔produce heritable changes in protein structure and
function
,What are proteins? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔workhorses of
cells- they do most everything cells do
How are genomes decoded? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔We
can "read" the sequences encoding proteins to predict
the complement of proteins- the "proteome"- of many
organisms
How many proteins does it take to make a cell? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- Prokaryote: minimum 477 in
Mycobacteria (parasite). Typically: 1000-4000
- Eukaryote: Simple single-celled: 6300; Complex
multicellular: 30,000
Do all proteins make up genes? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔No, some genes serve to regulate the expression and
function of other genes ( e.g. transcription factors, post-
translational regulation). These regulatory networks are
very hard to trace.
Is all information coded directly in DNA sequences? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Some information is not coded
directly in DNA sequences
, What is epigenetics? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Changes in
gene expression or cellular phenotype, caused by
mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA
sequence. This gives rise to imprinting, heritable changes
in gene expression. Other kind of epigenetic phenomena
that emerge from interactions of proteins with each other
and with the environment
What is an example of an epigenetic effect? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔Polarization of proteins: suspended cell vs.
organized cell
What is the difference between prokaryotes, eukaryotes
and protists? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Prokaryotes: lack a
nucleus and internal membranes
Eukaryotes: have a nucleus and an extensive internal
membrane system
Protists: single cell organisms
What is the plasma membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Lipid bilayer- boundary of cell that allows it to create
an internal environment different from the external
environment.
- Special systems exist to transport both small and large
molecules cross this barrier
What does cell theory state? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
All living creatures are made of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic structural unit of living things
3. On today's Earth, cells can only arise by division from
preexisting cells
What are some basic properties of cells? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔- Being composed of proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates and nucleic acids
- Having a high degree of complexity
- Encoding information in genes
- Being delineated from the rest of the world by a
membrane
- Being able to reproduce themselves
- Being able to acquire and utilize energy
- Being able to carry out a variety of chemical reactions
- Being able to carry out mechanical activities
- Being able to respond to stimuli
- Being capable of self-regulation
- Being capable of evolving
- Do NOT need to have ALL of these qualities
,What is the Central Dogma of Cell Biology? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔1. Activation 2. Transcription (pre-mRNA
made) 3. Processing (mature mRNA) 4. Translation
What is the genetic flow of information? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔DNA codes for mRNA (codes for protein
sequence) and for small RNA species (regulate the
stability of mRNA)
What is a general principle true in most cases, but not
always? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔One gene codes for one
protein
Not always true: Genes can be spliced alternatively,
proteins can be cleaved into multiple active species
Proteins fold into specific shapes to make what? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-Enzymes, which carry out
chemical reactions
- Structural proteins (which provide organization)
- Regulatory molecules (which provide information)
Changes in DNA produce what? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔produce heritable changes in protein structure and
function
,What are proteins? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔workhorses of
cells- they do most everything cells do
How are genomes decoded? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔We
can "read" the sequences encoding proteins to predict
the complement of proteins- the "proteome"- of many
organisms
How many proteins does it take to make a cell? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- Prokaryote: minimum 477 in
Mycobacteria (parasite). Typically: 1000-4000
- Eukaryote: Simple single-celled: 6300; Complex
multicellular: 30,000
Do all proteins make up genes? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔No, some genes serve to regulate the expression and
function of other genes ( e.g. transcription factors, post-
translational regulation). These regulatory networks are
very hard to trace.
Is all information coded directly in DNA sequences? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Some information is not coded
directly in DNA sequences
, What is epigenetics? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Changes in
gene expression or cellular phenotype, caused by
mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA
sequence. This gives rise to imprinting, heritable changes
in gene expression. Other kind of epigenetic phenomena
that emerge from interactions of proteins with each other
and with the environment
What is an example of an epigenetic effect? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔Polarization of proteins: suspended cell vs.
organized cell
What is the difference between prokaryotes, eukaryotes
and protists? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Prokaryotes: lack a
nucleus and internal membranes
Eukaryotes: have a nucleus and an extensive internal
membrane system
Protists: single cell organisms
What is the plasma membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Lipid bilayer- boundary of cell that allows it to create
an internal environment different from the external
environment.
- Special systems exist to transport both small and large
molecules cross this barrier
